Table Of ContentP1:NareshChandra
August21,2010 17:12 C3436 K10904˙C000
P1:NareshChandra
August21,2010 17:12 C3436 K10904˙C000
P1:NareshChandra
August21,2010 17:12 C3436 K10904˙C000
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P1:NareshChandra
August21,2010 17:12 C3436 K10904˙C000
Contents
Preface.................................................................xiii
Author..................................................................xv
PartI Overview
1. ProjectDesignProcess...............................................3
1.1 UnderstandingProjectRequirements...........................3
1.1.1 Scope,Time,andBudget................................3
1.1.2 DesignFramework......................................4
1.2 InformationGathering..........................................5
1.2.1 ExistingSources........................................5
1.2.1.1 SurveyControlData...........................5
1.2.1.2 ExistingPhotography..........................6
1.2.1.3 ExistingMaps.................................6
1.2.1.4 PlansandLegalPropertyDescriptions.........7
1.2.1.5 AgencyContactsandInterviews...............8
1.2.2 GroundInformation....................................8
1.2.2.1 Reconnaissance................................8
1.2.2.2 Surveys.......................................9
1.3 DesignApproaches............................................10
1.3.1 WorkflowDesign......................................10
1.3.2 SchematicDesign......................................11
1.4 SchedulingandCostEstimating...............................12
1.4.1 GeneralStepsinGeomaticsProjects....................12
1.4.1.1 StepsinaGPSControlSurveyProject.........13
1.4.1.2 StepsinaTopographicMappingProject......14
1.4.1.3 StepsinaBoundarySurveyProject...........15
1.4.1.4 StepsinaGISProject.........................15
1.4.2 ProjectScheduling.....................................16
1.4.3 CostEstimatingPrinciples.............................17
1.5 WritingProposals.............................................19
Bibliography........................................................21
Exercises............................................................21
v
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vi Contents
PartII ContemporaryIssues
2. StandardsandSpecifications........................................27
2.1 Definitions....................................................27
2.2 ApplicationModesofaStandard..............................27
2.3 UnitsofMeasure..............................................28
2.3.1 MetricScales...........................................28
2.3.2 ConversionFactors(Tables2.2to2.4)...................28
2.3.3 MappingScales........................................28
2.4 AccuracyversusPrecision.....................................30
2.4.1 GPSAccuracyMeasures...............................30
2.4.2 Examplesof2DAccuracyMeasures....................33
2.4.3 3DAccuracyMeasures.................................34
2.5 EquipmentSpecifications......................................34
2.6 LimitsofClosure..............................................36
2.7 LeastSquaresAnalysis........................................37
2.8 MappingandGISStandards...................................39
2.8.1 MapScale.............................................39
2.8.1.1 HowtoInterpreteNumericalMapScales.....39
2.8.2 MapResolution........................................40
2.8.3 MapAccuracy.........................................40
2.9 ClassicalSurveyingStandards.................................42
2.10 GPSSurveyingStandards.....................................43
2.11 OtherStandards...............................................46
Bibliography........................................................48
Exercises............................................................48
3. ProfessionalandEthicalResponsibilities...........................53
3.1 KnowWhatYouDo...........................................53
3.1.1 TypicalWorkActivities................................53
3.1.2 WorkConditions.......................................54
3.1.3 Qualifications..........................................55
3.2 EthicsandProfessionalConduct...............................56
3.2.1 Principles..............................................56
3.2.2 RuleEthicsandSocialContractEthics..................57
3.2.3 FIGModel.............................................58
3.3 IndividualandTeamResponsibilities..........................60
3.3.1 RegardingYourWork..................................60
3.3.2 RegardingYourBoss...................................61
3.3.3 RegardingAssociatesandColleagues..................61
3.3.4 CommunicatingYourIdeas............................62
3.3.5 StayingTechnicallyCompetent.........................62
3.3.6 ManagingYourTime .................................. 63
Bibliography........................................................64
Exercises............................................................65
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Contents vii
4. Policy,Social,andEnvironmentalIssues............................67
4.1 PolicyIssues..................................................67
4.1.1 ProfessionalQualifications.............................67
4.1.2 AccesstoPublicInformationandRecords..............67
4.1.3 MandatoryFilingRequirementsandFees..............69
4.1.4 BestPracticeGuidelines,Rules,and
Procedures............................................70
4.1.5 Land(Development)Policies...........................77
4.1.5.1 LocalLandUseRegulations..................78
4.1.6 EnvironmentalPolicyandRegulations.................79
4.1.6.1 Example1:EnvironmentalLandUse
Restrictions...................................79
4.1.6.2 Example2:SpeciallyProtectedAreas.........79
4.2 SocialandGlobalIssues.......................................80
4.2.1 ProjectStakeholders...................................81
4.2.2 BureaucracyandEthicalConsiderations................82
4.2.3 WorldwideLandRegistrationSystems.................82
4.3 EnvironmentalIssues..........................................83
4.3.1 SustainableDevelopment..............................84
4.3.2 EnvironmentalImpact.................................84
4.3.3 GreenDesign..........................................85
4.3.4 CaseExamples.........................................87
Bibliography........................................................90
Exercises............................................................90
PartIII PlanningandDesign
5. BoundarySurveys..................................................95
5.1 Introduction...................................................95
5.2 HowAreBoundaryLinesEstablished?........................96
5.3 BoundaryTypesandBoundaryMarkers.......................97
5.4 BoundarySurveyDesignandProcedures......................97
5.4.1 InformationGathering.................................97
5.4.1.1 EncroachmentsandGaps.....................98
5.4.1.2 ResearchofLandRecords....................98
5.4.1.3 TitleSearch...................................99
5.4.1.4 AdjoiningProperty..........................100
5.4.2 AnalysisofInformation...............................100
5.4.2.1 Monuments.................................100
5.4.2.2 Discrepancies...............................101
5.4.2.3 FieldworkPreparation.......................101
5.4.3 BoundarySurvey.....................................102
5.4.3.1 Fieldwork...................................102
5.4.3.2 OfficeWork.................................104
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viii Contents
5.5 LegalConsiderationsinBoundaryDetermination.............104
5.5.1 ConflictingTitleElements.............................104
Bibliography.......................................................106
Exercises...........................................................107
6. ControlSurveys...................................................109
6.1 GeneralConsiderations......................................109
6.1.1 ProjectScopeandRequirements......................109
6.1.1.1 NumberandPhysicalLocation
ofProjectPoints.............................109
6.1.1.2 TheLayoutofProjectArea..................109
6.1.1.3 AccuracyandDatumofControl.............110
6.2 GPSControlSurveys.........................................110
6.2.1 IndividualSiteConsiderations........................110
6.2.2 ContinuouslyOperatingGPSNetworks...............113
6.2.2.1 GPSProcessingUsingOnlineServices.......113
6.3 TypicalWorkflowofaGPSProject............................116
6.3.1 StationRecon.........................................117
6.3.2 ExistingControl......................................117
6.3.3 EquipmentInventory.................................117
6.3.4 FieldDataSheets.....................................118
6.3.5 TrainingandManagement............................118
6.3.6 EvaluateSiteCharacteristics..........................118
6.3.7 DetermineWhenDifficultMonuments
MustBeVisited.......................................119
6.3.8 CoordinateandSupervise.............................119
6.3.9 WorkUpDetailedObservationPlans..................119
6.3.10 ControlNetworkOptimization.......................119
6.4 DesigningaGPSSurveyNetwork............................120
6.4.1 StandardsandDesignCriteria........................120
6.4.2 StationLocations,Distribution,andAccess............121
6.4.3 PlanofProjectPoints.................................123
6.4.4 DesignbyLeastSquaresandSimulation..............124
6.4.4.1 ComputationofGDOPandItsEffect
onthePositionResults......................126
6.4.4.2 UseofPredictedGDOPMaps...............126
6.4.4.3 NetworkDesignTerminology...............127
6.4.4.4 SummaryofProceduresforDesign
bySimulation...............................127
6.5 GPSObservationPlanningandOptimization.................128
6.5.1 FormingGPSBaselinesandLoops....................128
6.5.2 FindingtheNumberofGPSSessions..................129
6.5.3 GPSOptimization....................................132
6.5.3.1 HowAretheElementsoftheCostMatrix
inTable6.4Interpreted?.....................136
6.5.3.2 CalculatingtheOptimalSessionSchedule...137
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Contents ix
Bibliography.......................................................137
Exercises...........................................................138
7. TopographicSurveys..............................................143
7.1 GeneralConsiderations......................................143
7.1.1 ProjectScopeandRequirements......................143
7.1.1.1 SampleTopographicSurveyRequest........144
7.1.2 OtherGeneralConsiderations ........................145
7.1.2.1 TopographicSurveyPlanningChecklist......145
7.1.2.2 Rights-of-Entry..............................146
7.1.2.3 SourcesofExistingData.....................147
7.2 ProjectControlforTopographicSurveys......................147
7.2.1 EstablishingControlataProjectSite..................149
7.2.2 ProjectControlDensificationMethods................150
7.2.3 ExtendingControlfromaLocalProject
orNetwork...........................................151
7.2.4 ExtendingControlfromaDistantNetwork...........151
7.2.4.1 UsingOnlineGPSProcessingServices.......151
7.2.5 ApproximateControlforanIsolatedProject...........152
7.3 MapScaleandContourInterval..............................154
Bibliography.......................................................157
Exercises...........................................................157
8. GISApplication...................................................159
8.1 Introduction .................................................159
8.2 GeneralConsiderations......................................160
8.2.1 DataRequirements...................................160
8.2.2 LevelofAccuracy....................................161
8.2.3 ExistingInformation..................................164
8.3 SystemDesignProcess.......................................165
8.3.1 SelectingaGISSystem................................165
8.3.2 DesigningaGISSystem...............................166
8.4 InputDatafromFieldwork...................................167
8.4.1 UtilizingGPSforFieldwork..........................167
8.4.1.1 WhyUseGPS?..............................167
8.4.1.2 DefiningDataCollectionGoals
andObjectives..............................169
8.4.2 BasicDataDictionaryConcepts.......................170
8.4.3 OtherMethods.......................................173
8.4.3.1 UsingMapstoApproximate
Coordinates.................................173
8.4.3.2 TraditionalSurveying.......................174
8.4.3.3 DigitizingCoordinates......................174
8.4.3.4 AddressGeocoding.........................175
Bibliography.......................................................175
Exercises...........................................................175
