Geomagnetics for Aeronautical Safety: A Case Study in and around the Balkans

358 Pages·2006·14.16 MB·English

by  Jean L. Rasson

Geomagnetics for Aeronautical Safety
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Series C:Environmental Security
Geomagnetics for
Aeronautical Safety
ACase Study in and around the Balkans
edited by
Jean L. Rasson
Royal Meteorological Institute, Centre de Physique du Globe,
Dourbes, Belgium
and
Todor Delipetrov
Faculty of Mining and Geology,
Štip,Republic of Macedonia
Published in cooperation with NATO Public Diplomacy Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
New Data for the Magnetic Field in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia for
Enhanced Flying and Airport Safety
Ohrid, the former Yugoslav Republic
18--22 May 2005
AC.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-10 1-4020-5024-0 (PB)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-5024-4 (PB)
ISBN-10 1-4020-5023-2 (HB)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-5023-7 (HB)
ISBN-10 1-4020-5025-9 (e-book)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-5025-1 (e-book)
Published by Springer,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands.
www.springer.com
Printed on acid-free paper
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© 2006 Springer
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Printed in the Netherlands.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introductory address
Ljupco Jordanovski.......................................................................................1
Introduction to the Advanced Research Workshop: , ,new magnetic field
data in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia for enhanced flying
,,
and airport safety
Jean L. Rasson ..............................................................................................5
Geomagnetic field of the republic of Macedonia
Todor Delipetrov and Blagica Paneva.......................................................13
Geomagnetic field measurements at magnetic repeat stations
in former Yugoslavia
Spomenko J. Mihajlovic, Dragan Popeskov, Caslav Lazovic, and
Nenad Smiljanic..........................................................................................43
Field and observatory geomagnetic measurements in Bulgaria
Ivan A. Butchvarov and Iliya V. Cholakov..................................................61
On the modelling of a geomagnetic reference field
for the Balkan region
BejoDuka,AngeloDeSantis, and Luis R. Gaya-P iqué .............................83
Repeat surveys of Macedonia
Jean L. Rasson and Marjan Delipetrov......................................................97
Nature of Earth's magnetic field and its application for commercial
flight navigation
Rudi(cid:253)op and Dušan Fefer.......................................................................115
Geomagnetic observations in Turkey
C. Celik, M.K. Tuncer, E. Tolak, M. Zobu, O. Yazicı-Çakin,
B. Ca(cid:247)layan, and Y. Güngörmü(cid:250)...............................................................127
Croatian geomagnetic repeat stations network
Mario Brki(cid:252), Danijel Šugar, Milan Rezo, Danko Markovinovi(cid:252), and
Tomislav Baši(cid:252) ......................................................................................... 137
Geomagnetic instrumentation for repeat station survey
Valery Korepanov.....................................................................................145
v
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
Problems of supply in DI-flux instruments
László Hegymegi.......................................................................................167
Development of an automatic declination-inclination magnetometer
Sébastien A. van Loo and Jean L. Rasson.................................................177
New magnetic materials
Stanoja Stoimenov.....................................................................................187
Progress and limitations in magnetic field measurements
Nenad Novkovski.......................................................................................201
Geomagnetic measurements for Aeronautics
Jean L. Rasson..........................................................................................213
Measurements of magnetic declination at the airports in Bulgaria
Iliya Cholakov...........................................................................................231
Geomagnetic measurements and mapping for aeronautics in Germany
Jürgen Matzka...........................................................................................235
Airport geomagnetic surveys in the United States
Alan Berarducci........................................................................................247
Magnetic repeat station network in Italy and magnetic measurements
at heliports and airports
Angelo De Santis and Guido Dominici.....................................................259
Airport conditions in Macedonia: seismic risks
Lazo Pekevski............................................................................................271
Nonlinear techniques for short term prediction of the geomagnetic
field and its secular variation
Angelo De Santis and Roberta Tozzi.........................................................281
Spherical cap harmonic analysis of the geomagnetic field
with application for aeronautical mapping
J.MiquelTorta,LuisR.Gaya-Piqué,andAngeloDeSantis …............... 291
Activities completed toward establishing a geomagnetic observatory in the
Republic of Macedonia
Marjan Delipetrov.....................................................................................309
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
Analysis of geomagnetic field data from measurements
during 2003 in Macedonia
Sanja Panovska and Todor Delipetrov.....................................................325
Understanding the geomagnetic field: a precondition for better living
Jordan B. Zivanovic and Snezana Stavreva-Veselinovska........................347
Postface ....................................................................................................355
Addresses of authors.................................................................................357
Index.........................................................................................................361
INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS1
Data on the geomagnetic field in the Balkan region and state borders were
regarded as confidential information for a long time. Unfortunately this
meant that geomagnetic field information was confidential information. The
Republic of Macedonia was in a complicated situation because geo-
magnetic investigations were carried out by experts from Belgrade, Serbia
and Montenegro. When Macedonia became an independent country, a team
of experts from the Faculty of Mining and Geology, Department for
Geology and Geophysics in Stip and Faculty of Natural Sciences and
Mathematics, Institute of Physics in Skopje, started activities to establish a
Geomagnetic Observatory in Macedonia. In the last four years, with the
help of Dr. Jean Rasson from Institut Royal Météorologique, Centre du
Physique du Globe in Dourbes, Belgium, a network of 15 repeat stations for
measurement of the geomagnetic field in the Republic of Macedonia was
created. For the first time since independence, all elements of geomagnetic
field were determined.
Detailed measurement of the geomagnetic field is especially important
at airports. Without information about the geomagnetic field there is real
danger that aircraft compasses can not be calibrated at the airport. The
magnetic compass is still the primary navigation device on aircraft. In case
of failure of other electronic navigation devices (GPS, VOR) the magnetic
compass will play an important backup role. The failure to correctly
calibrate magnetic compasses represents a big threat to airport navigation
systems.
Knowing the geomagnetic field elements is of interest in navigating
airplanes. The most important geomagnetic element is declination. Precise
values of declination make it possible to calculate mathematically exact
geographic directions critical to navigation. Geographic north and
magnetic north do not coincide. The difference between the two is the
angle of declination. This is why there should be a correction made to the
angle of the compass on the airplane.
Precise declination measurements must be made to increase airplane
safety. There are special locations (compass certification pads) where
airplanes can test the accuracy of their compass. These locations are free
from magnetic contamination and have a minimal field gradient. In these
locations precise directions of the geomagnetic field and geographic north
are plotted so that when an airplane is at the site, its compass can be
calibrated.
______
1 Speech given at the inauguration ceremony of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop
1
J.L. Rasson and T. Delipetrov (eds.), Geomagnetics for Aeronautical Safety, 1–3.
© 2006 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands.
2 L. JORDANOVSKI
Currently, this kind of certification is not done at Macedonian airports.
This workshop will be useful to evaluate different solutions based on the
experiences of participating countries. Also we will organise a round table
for improving procedures of geomagnetic field measurements at airports.
Knowledge of the magnetic field distribution over the Republic of
Macedonia also provides the means to produce magnetic charts of
declination. Such maps are necessary for completing aeronautical charts
and to compute the magnetic headings to be followed in order to navigate
from one airport to another. The international collaboration proposed by
this ARW is especially useful for this purpose.
Bearing in mind the central geographical position of the Republic of
Macedonia, it is of special interest to use geomagnetic field data of
neighboring countries (Bulgaria, Greece, Albania and Serbia and
Montenegro).
Collaboration is important because the geomagnetic field depends on
geological conditions and does not recognize state borders. Through an
exchange of information at the workshop, these goals may be obtainable.
We must improve airplane safety and adopt procedures for measuring
the geomagnetic field elements at airports. It is of special interest for
airports in Macedonia and for all airports in the Balkan region.
The workshop will result in the transfer of knowledge, data and
exchange of recent experiences, as well as the possibility to define new
methods and procedures in observations of the geomagnetic field at airports
for better safety of flying.
This workshop is motivated by recent geomagnetic measurements made
in the Republic of Macedonia and the need to connect our data with data
from neighboring countries and the presentation of this data to the public.
On the other hand, a workshop like this, in the Balkan region with
colleagues from EU countries and NATO members will be a contribution
for better collaboration and understanding, which, unfortunately, in this
region is not yet at the proper level.
The conclusions from the workshop will help to determine procedures
for geomagnetic field measurements at the Macedonian airports. This
should happen as soon as possible, to improve airport safety.
Basic scientific motive is the connection of the geomagnetic field in the
territory of the Republic of Macedonia with neighbouring countries. This
may help solve some border problems with interconnection and
interpretation of the geomagnetic field. Very often measurements in border
zones were impossible and extrapolations had to be made. Now that we can
compare our data from both sides of the border, we have an opportunity to
define the exact values for the geomagnetic field, and in some cases,
possible common measurements to improve the data.