Geology of the Eastern Alps

68 Pages·2012·9.22 MB·English

©Geol. Bundesanstalt, Wien; download unter www.geologie.ac.at
Abh. Geol. B.-A.
34 p. 103—170 52 figs., 10 tables Wien 1. 5. 1980
26" C. G. I.
International Geological Congress
26tl) Session
Excursion 034 A
Geology of the Eastern Alps
(An Excursion Guide)
- by
ALOIS MATURA and HERBERT SUMMESBERGER
with contributions from ALOIS FENNINGER, WOLFGANG FRISCH, VOLKER HOCK, HEINZ KOLLMANN, ARTHUR KRÖLL,
OTTO MALZER, JULIAN PISTOTNIK, BENNO PLÖCHINGER, ALFRED RÖGL, REINHARD ROETZEL, WOLFGANG SCHNABEL,
HANS PETER SCHÖNLAUB and GODFRID WESSELY.
52 figures and 10 tables
Address of the authors: Dr. ALOIS MATURA, Geologische Bundesanstalt, A-1031 Wien, Rasumofskygasse 23;
Dr. HERBERT SUMMESBERGER, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, A-1014 Wien, Burgring 7.
©Geol. Bundesanstalt, Wien; download unter www.geologie.ac.at
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Acknowledgments drillings we know that the Molasse sediments continue
The authors express their gratitude to F. FLIRI, D. VAN far below the Eastern Alps towards south. The crystal
line complex of the Bohemian Massif with a thin Palaeo
HUSEN, G. NIEDERMAYR, R. OBERHAUSER, A. RÖGL and
A. TOLLMANN for their constructive comments. Many thanks zoic and Mesozoic cover forms the basement of the Mo
are due to the Gebr. Leube Portlandzementwerk Gartenau, lasse Zone.
the Quarzwerk Zelking, the Tonwerk Fritzens and the Vor The Helvetic Zone in Vorarlberg comprises Upper
arlberger Zementwerke Lorüns for their generous permission Jurassic to Upper Eocene rocks. The primary neigh
to enter their open pits. We are especially grateful to the prio-
bourhood to the autochthonous Mesozoic is indicated
rate of the Abbey of Kremsmünster, the österreichische
by facial analogies. Small thickness, gaps, greensands
Mineralölverwaltung AG and the Rohöl-Aufsuchungs GmbH
and reefs in the northerly region, and the abundance
because of their valuable support for our work.
of marls in the southerly region indicate depositional
conditions at the shelf edge.
Day 1 The Penninic Zone in Vorarlberg is mainly represen
ted by Cretaceous to Lower Eocene Flysch sediments. In
Molasse Zone, Helvetic Zone, Flyschzone, Northern Cal general these synorogenic successions are rather poor in
careous Alps, regional pattern of Vorarlberg fossils and have in many places been affected by syn-
Route: Bregenz — Gebhardsberg — Schwarzachtobel — sedimentary movements. They have been deposited in
Dornbirn — Götzis — Feldkirch — Frastanz — Lorüns different subsidiary troughs.
— Arlberg Pass — Landeck — Innsbruck The Alpine movements did not only cause the com
plex internal structure of the Penninic Flyschzone;
Introduction moreover, the northern front of the Flysch Nappe
has been overthrust by the normally underlying Hel
Vorarlberg is an appropriate area to introduce into
vetic Nappe. At the surface we can distinguish therefore
the geological structure of the Eastern Alps. The section
a northern and a southern Flyschzone in Vorarlberg.
of the Rhine valley south of Bregenz between the Boden-
The boundary plane between the Helvetic Zone and the
see and the Principality of Liechtenstein can be taken
Penninic Zone is marked by a strongly deformed
as the topographic boundary between the Western and
Schuppenzone.
the Eastern Alps. Moreover, east of this line also the
The Falknis-Sulzfluh Nappe and the Arosa Schup
Austro-Alpine Unit begins and extends eastwards for
penzone which tectonically overlie the Flyschzone have
ming major parts of the Eastern Alps. The main geo
also been allocated to the Penninic unit. Concerning
logical units of the Western Alps (Helvetic and Penninic
their depositional facies the Upper Jurassic to Paleo-
Zones) continue towards east as a relatively narrow
cene successions are different from the Flysch deve
zone along the northern boundary of the Eastern Alps.
lopment and thought to come from a more southerly
The existing geological structure is the result of the
region. The strongly deformed rocks of the Arosa
Alpine orogenesis, a complex multiphase event. In Vor
Schuppenzone directly underlie the Austro-Alpine Unit
arlberg the main Alpine tectonic activity took place
and mark its plane of overthrusting which can be traced
during the Palaeogene. As a consequence of regional
from Südbünden (Switzerland) northwards as far as
compression with southward subduction of the fore
Vorarlberg along the western and further eastwards to
land, areas of Mesozoic to Tertiary sedimentary series
the Allgäu (Bavaria) along the northern edge of the
of different facial nature, in some places with slices of
Austro-Alpine Unit. Moreover, the Arosa Schuppen
their basement, moved from their site of deposition in
zone appears in several tectonic windows in the western
such a manner, that they overrode the neighbouring
most area of the Northern Calcareous Alps as well as
units in the north.
together with lower Penninic units in the window of
The main units from the top to the bottom are ordered
Gargellen which is situated in the area of the Silvretta
as follows:
crystalline complex.
Austro-Alpine Unit (Northern Calcareous Alps and
Silvretta crystalline complex) The Austro-Alpine Unit in Vorarlberg is chiefly re
Penninic Zone (Flyschzone) presented by the Permomesozoic series of the Northern
Helvetic Zone Calcareous Alps and by the Silvretta crystalline com
Foreland (Molasse Zone) plex. The latter consists of paragneisses and micaschists
This corresponds with the paleogeographic order from and minor proportions of amphibolites and Early
south towards north. Palaeozoic orthogneisses. Mesozoics and crystalline com
The Molasse Zone forms the foreland. It comprises a plex are linked together by the narrow Phyllitgneis-
thick succession of upper Eocene to Miocene clastic Zone and a late Palaeozoic clastic succession which ex
sediments composed of the debris of the rising Alps. The hibits stratigraphic contact in the south against the
older portions of the Molasse sequence have been envol- Phyllitgneis-Zone and continues into the Mesozoic series
ved by folding and thrusting (Subalpine Molasse) into in the north. The internal structure of the Northern
the orogenic movements. From geophysical surveys and Calcareous Alps is mainly the result of early Alpine
105
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Fig. 1: Tectonic sketch-map of Vorarlberg (modified after M. RICHTER, 1978). 1 = Foreland Molasse; 2 = Subalpine Molasse;
3 = Helvetic Zone; 4 = Schuppenzone; 5—7 = Penninic Zone; 5 = Northern and southern Flysch Zone, Prätigau Flysch;
6 = Falknis-Sulzfluh Nappe; 7 = Arosa Schuppenzone; 8 + 9 = Austro-Alpine Unit; 8 = Crystalline basement (Altkristallin);
9 = Northern Calcareous Alps; 10 = Major thrust-plane; 11 = Excursion stop.
106
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(Cretaceous) movements. Three major subsidiary nappes
can be distinguished from the top to the bottom: the
Inntal Nappe, the Lechtal Nappe and the Allgäu Nappe.
In Vorarlberg the influence of a very low-grade
Alpine metamorphism is restricted to the southerly
regions mainly resulting in a retrograde metamorphism
of parts of the Silvretta crystalline complex.
The Pleistocene history is proved by a broad variety
of glacial phenomena. The glaciation attained a thick
ness of about 1000 m. The Rhine valley was a very
prominent glacier bed. The Rhine glaciers extended as
far as 40 km north of the Bodensee during the glacial
maximum.
Stop 1.1. Gebhardsberg
Foreland Molasse
Top. sheet 111 Dornbirn
The locality Gebhardsberg (590 m above sealevel)
lies about 190 m above the Bodensee. Beside the parking
place the Eggenburgian sandstone-conglomerate-(Nagel-
fluh)-sequence (fig. 3, tab. 1) is exposed with low-angle
north-north-west dip. The sandstones are overlain by
several meters of conglomerates with thick crossbedding.
The pebbles consist of yellowish more or less quartzose
limestones thought to be derived from Flysch rocks. At
some places the conglomerate contains oyster shells.
Regarding the tectonic position the locality is situated
in the Foreland Molasse. Here at its southern end the
Foreland Molasse was lifted by the northward push of
the Alpine thrust sheets resulting in a northward slope
of the beds.
The castle-like buildings of Gebhardsberg were esta
blished at the site of the former Bregenz Castle which
has been built in the 11. century and destroyed during
the Thirty Years War in 1647. Some remains of this
castle are still preserved.
Scenic view from the panorama platform beside the
restaurant: In the west the Bodensee with adjoining
towns of Bregenz and Lindau; the glacial morphology
of the hilly landscape on the German side towards
north-west; from west towards south the Swiss Molasse
mountains, the Säntis and Churfirsten mountains be
longing to the Helvetic Zone and the northernmost
mountains of Graubünden; in the background to the
south on the Austrian side east of the Rhine valley the
Rätikon as the westernmost part of the Northern Cal
careous Alps; in front of it the eastern continuation of
the Helvetic unit with the Flysch outlier of the Hohe
Kugel; nearer towards south-south-east the Hochälpele-
kopf as part of the Northern Flyschzone; the adjoining
mountains in the north belong to the Subalpine Molasse,
which is rather narrow here, and the Foreland Molasse;
below us the broad valley floor of the Rhine valley
with the deltas of the Rhine and the Bregenzer Ache.
©Geol. Bundesanstalt, Wien; download unter www.geologie.ac.at
NNW FORELAND MOLASSE | SUBALPINE MOLASSE SSE
ZONE OF INGRÜNE
I |AL%NRCSCHWENDE| QAISKOPF SYNCLINE
Schneider-Sp. Gaiskopf
Wirtatobel Bregenzer 971m 1kmW \,--v 1]J^tm l Bödele
Ache Alberschwende^V
OMM
-2000
-3000
Fig. 3: Section across the western Molasse Zone of Vorarlberg (modified after W. RESCH, 1979). OSM = Upper Freshwater
Molasse; OMM = Upper Marine Molasse; USM = Lower Freshwater Molasse.
Epochs Stages Formations Lithologic Units
Badenian
Silvana Beds, coarse conglomerates, sandstones,
Upper Freshwater Molasse
and limnic marls, —700 m (Pfänder)
PKarpatian
ne Ottnangian Red conglomerates and glauconitic sandstones,
ce —450 m
o
g
Oli Upper Marine Molasse Coal-seam
Eggenburgian
-i Conglomerates, sandstones (partly glauconitic),
1.
* marls, ~ 250 m
Granitic Molasse, sandstones, 1500 m
Kojen Beds
Steigbach Beds, sandstones
Egerian Lower Freshwater Molasse and conglomerates, —1000 m
Weissach Beds, red marls, sandstone s, conglo-
merates, ~ 1200 m
e
n
ce 1. 2. Baustein Beds, calcareous sandstones, conglo
o
Mi merates, ~ 100 m
Rupelian
Lower Marine Molasse Tonmergel Beds, grey marls, ~ 300 m
Deutenhausen Beds, grey marls, sands tones and
Lattorfian
sporadic conglomerates
Tab. 1: Stratigraphic correlation of the Molasse Zone in Vorarlberg (modified after M. RICHTER, 1978, and unpublished data of
W. RESCH, Universität Innsbruck, and the IGCP Project 25 Working Group).
108
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References Marine Molasse". At the southern end of the village
CZURDA, K., HANTKE, R., OBERHAUSER, R. & RESCH, W. of Wolfurt (Rickenbach) we enter the Subalpine Molasse.
(1979): Molasse, Helvetikum, Flysch und Nördliche Kalk In Schwarzach the route turns eastwards into the
alpen im Bregenzer Wald (Exkursion I am 21. April 1979). Schwarzach valley.
— Jber. Mitt. oberrhein. geol. Ver., N. F. 61, 97—109,
Stuttgart.
Stop 1.2. Schwarzachtobel
HEIM, ARN., BAUMBERGER, E. & STEHLIN, H. G. with contri
bution of FUSSENEGGER, S. (1928): Die subalpine Molasse Subalpine Molasse, Baustein Beds
des westlichen Vorarlberg. — Vierteljahrsschr. naturf. Ges. Top. sheet 111 Dornbirn
Zürich 73, Zürich.
RICHTER, M. (1978): Vorarlberger Alpen. — 2nd ed., Samml. The locality, an abandoned quarry, is situated within
Geol. Führer 49, 1 geol. map, 171 p., Berlin (Borntraeger). the northern limb of a subsidiary syncline (Syncline of
Alberschwende) of the Subalpine Molasse (figures 3
Route description: We leave Gebhardsberg and 4). The exposed well-bedded, grey and calcareous
and Bregenz towards southeast via Wolfurt. Note the sandstones of approximately 25 m and a medium-angle
rockwalls at the southern side of the Gebhardsberg ex southward dip represent the Baustein Beds which are
posing a major section of the Eggenburgian "Upper part of the Oligocene "Lower Marine Molasse"
NNW SSE
Fig. 4: Section across the "Lower Marine Molasse" in the Schwarzachtobel (modified after ARN. HEIM et al., 1928).
1 = Tonmergel Beds; 2 = Baustein Beds; 3 = Weißach Beds; T = Thrust plane.
Hoher Freschen
2004
FLYSCHZONE HELVETIC ZONE ( S ä n t i s - N a pp e )
i' i i i «
QUATERNARY
SCHUPPENZONE 8 i i«
; ^\ 2 M I5 [mCLTj] 13
Fig. 5: Section across the Helvetic Zone (Säntis Nappe) south of Hohenems superimposed by remains of the Flyschzone (modi
fied after R. OBERHAUSER, 1979). 1 = Lacustrine deposits of the Rhine valley lake; 2 = Alluvial fan; 3 = Talus; 4 =
Reiselsberg Sandstone; 5 = Globigerina Beds; 6 = Leimern Marls; 7 = Nummulitic Beds; 8 = Wang Beds; 9 = Amden
Marls; 10 = Seewer Limestone (Gault); 11 = Schratten Limestone; 12 = Drusberg Marl; 13 = Siliceous Limestone; 14 =
Valanginian Limestones and Marls, Zementstein Beds a. s. o.
109
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(tab. 1). Downwards the thickness of the layers is in Stop 1.3. Götzis, Kobelfeisen
creasing. Rippelmarks with preferred orientation, pyriti-
Helvetic Zone, Götzis Anticline
ferous layers, occasional clay galls and cross-bedding
Top. sheet 111 Dornbirn
can be observed. There are hardly fossils (f. e. Cardium
sp.) to be found. However, there are abundant plant re The Barremian-Aptian Schratten Limestone crops out
mains and trace fossils. The tough sandstones have been at the beginning of the geological-botanical instruction
worked for paving stones and whetstones. path. This place is situated in the inverted limb of
At the valley floor below the quarry a section of the a recumbent fold (Götzis Anticline) in which a Hel
Baustein Beds and the basal parts of the overlying vetic succession (tab. 2) from Valanginian marls to
Weißach Beds is exposed. Note the sharp contact. The Coniacian-Santonian Amden Beds is involved (fig. 6).
underlying Tonmergel Beds crop out at the road-side This inverted limb of the Götzis Anticline extends as
exposures close to the quarry. far as Sonderberg, a hill rising from the valley floor
NNW SSE
Oberes
Schönebuch
QUATERNARY CRETACEOUS
1 5E3' grjn3po
.2 Minimi
|3
Fig. 6: Section across the Götzis Anticline (modified after R. OBERHAUSER, 1979). 1 = Lacustrine deposits of the Rhine valley
lake; 2 = Talus; 3 = Moraine; 4 = Amden Marl; 5 = See wer Limestone; 6 = Gault-Greensandstone; 7 = Schratten Lime
stone; 8 = Drusberg Marl; 9 = Siliceous Limestone; 10 = Valanginian oolitic limestone; 11 = Valanginian marl.
References about 400 m north of stop 1.3. An inverted succession
HEIM, ARN., BAUMBERGER, E. & STEHLIN, H. G. with con of quartzose-glauconitic thick-bedded limestone with
tribution of FUSSENEGGER, S. (1928): Die subalpine Molasse oolithic domains, grey marls and Hauterivian siliceous
des westlichen Vorarlberg. — Vierteljahrsschr. naturf. Ges. limestones is exposed there, in a small abandoned quarry
Zürich 73, Zürich.
at the eastern end of this hill.
RESCH, W., HANTKE, R. & LOACKER, H. (1979): Molasse und To the northeast there is again an impressive view of
Quartär im vorderen Bregenzerwald mit Besuch der Kraft
parallel escarpments mainly of Schratten Limestone on
werksbauten (Exkursion C am 19. April 1979). — Jber.
the valley flanks. The fold structure of this area is
Mitt. oberrhein. geol. Ver., N. F. 61, 19—36, Stuttgart.
illustrated in fig. 5. Remains of the tectonically over
RICHTER, M. (1978): Vorarlberger Alpen. 2. Aufl. — Samml.
Geol. Führer 49, 1 geol. map, 171 p., Berlin (Borntraeger). lying Schuppenzone and Flyschzone are preserved in the
core of some synclines.
Route description: After returning to
Schwarzach the route continues southwards along the References
eastern edge of the floor of the Rhine valley. In the OBERHAUSER, R. (1979): Helvetikum, Südliche Flyschzone
northern part of the town of Dornbirn we enter the und Quartär am Rheintalrand und im westlichen Walgau
(Exkursion F am 20. April 1979). — Jber. Mitt. oberrhein.
Helvetic Zone. The valley flanks after Dornbirn show
geol. Ver., N. F. 61, 57—70, Stuttgart.
parallel escarpments of Schratten Limestone caused by
OBERHAUSER, R.: Geologische Karte der Republik Österreich
the repetition of normal and inverted sequences of the
1 : 25 000, Bl. 111 Dornbirn Süd. — Geologische Bundes
folded Helvetic series (fig. 5). When passing the town
anstalt Wien (in press).
of Hohenems pay attention to the famous Renaissance RICHTER, M. (1978): Vorarlberger Alpen. 2nd ed. — Samml.
palace in the center of this town. Geol. Führer 49, Berlin (Borntraeger).
110
©Geol. Bundesanstalt, Wien; download unter www.geologie.ac.at
e Globigerina Marls, —150 m
n Eocene
ge Nummulitic Limestone
o
e
a
Pal Paleocene Fraxern Greensand
Maastrichtian Wang Beds, dark marly and siliceous limestones, —300 m
s
u
o Campanian
e
ac Santonian Amden Beds, grey marls, —300 m
Cret Coniacian
er
p
p Seewer Limestone, pale, partly nodular limestone and
U Turonian
marl, —100 m
Cenomanian
Brisi Sandstone, greensands and marls, —40 m
Albian
- - Schratten Limestone, pale,
Aptian
s *'^' thick-bedded limestone, —200 m
u
o
e
c
a
Cret Barremian Danrdu sbnoerdgu laBr edlism, esdtoanrke s, m—arl4s0 0 m
er
w
o Siliceous Limestone, thick-bedded, interlayered by black,
L Hauterivian
cherty beds, oolithes and fine breccias, —100 m
Valanginian Marl, dark, interbedded with oolitic and
Valanginian
reef limestone, —200 m
Zementstein Beds, thin-bedded limestones and marls,
c Portlandian —100 m
si
s
a
er Jur Kimmeridgian Quinten Limestone, thick-bedded, grey, —350 m
p
p
U
Oxfordian Schilt Beds, brownish marls, —120 m
Tab. 2: Schematic stratigraphy of the Helvetic Zone in Vorarlberg (modified after M. RICHTER, 1978).
Route description: From the Rheintal Auto Stop 1.4. Samina Gorge near Frastanz
bahn near Götzis view of the mountaineous landscape
Flyschzone, Reiselsberg Sandstone
east of Götzis. The NE-striking folds of the Helvetic
Top. sheet 141 Feldkirch
series are cut almost perpendicular by some peri-glacial
dry valleys which have been shaped by glacial melt- A section of the Cenomanian-Turonian Reiselsberg
water (fig. 7). One of them ends south of Götzis. At Sandstone (tab. 3) with a general medium-angle south
the town of Feldkirch the route leaves the Rhine valley ward dip is exposed along a small road on a distance
and enters the 111 valley. Feldkirch stands near the of about 500 m between the power station and the mouth
southern boundary of the Helvetic Zone. The tunnel of the valley. Near the power station limestones inter
below the Schattenburg in Feldkirch and the narrow bedded by marls are folded about steeply inclined axes.
part of the 111 valley (Felsenau) immediately southeast Downstream after a moraine exposure follow massive
of Feldkirch passes mainly Schratten Limestone. After light mica bearing sandstones alternating with marl
this threshold the valley opens. This broad section of layers. Slump folds and drag marks indicating depo-
the lower 111 valley is called Walgau. After the melting sitional transport from the east can be seen at the lower
of the Wurm glacier this over-deepened basin has been surface of one layer. This mica-sandstone-rich succes
filled by the drift of the 111 river. Near the village of sion continues downstream as far as to the shed near
Frastanz the route enters the Southern Flyschzone. the end of the gorge.
Ill
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ALTSTÄTTÜS
— ~Hohenems
I
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0 / m *•• x J"» C? iSf* «Clunia,. O J •. **
»y-O
OC5 5
3^10
^^ 7 -.••••.. 11
o o0 12
Fig. 7: Sketch-map of the Quaternary geology of the area around Götzis and Feldkirch (R. HANTKE, 1979). 1 = Moraine
rampart; 2 = Glacial terrace; 3 = Ice margin; 4 = Periglacial meltwater gully; 5 = Roche moutonnee; 6 = Former river
bed; 7 = Ice marginal lake; 8 = Talus fan; 9 = Moor or lake terrace; 10 = Bog, peat; 11 = Valley margin; 12 = Springs.
Regionally the Reiselsberg Sandstone is of consider Geological map
able thickness in the western part of the Flyschzone but HEISSEL, W., OBERHAUSER, R. & SCHMIDEGG, O. (1967): Geo
of subordinate importance in the eastern part. logische Karte des Walgaues, 1 :25 000. — Geologische
Bundesanstalt Wien.
Reference
Route description: Returning back to the
OBERHAUSER, R. (1979): Helvetikum, Südliche Flyschzone
und Quartär am Rheintalrand und im westlichen Walgau main road the route continues upstream the 111 valley
(Exkursion F am 20. April 1979). — Jber. Mitt. oberrhein. towards southeast. After the village of Nenzing the
geol. Ver., N. F. 61, 57—70, Stuttgart. route enters the region of the Austro-Alpine Unit repre-
112