Geographical and Fingerprinting Data for Positioning and Navigation Systems: Challenges, Experiences and Technology Roadmap PDF
Preview Geographical and Fingerprinting Data for Positioning and Navigation Systems: Challenges, Experiences and Technology Roadmap
Geographical and Fingerprinting Data for Positioning and Navigation Systems Series Editor Fatos Xhafa Geographical and Fingerprinting Data for Positioning and Navigation Systems Challenges, Experiences, and Technology Roadmap Edited by Jordi Conesa FacultyofComputerSciences,MultimediaandTelecommunication,eHealth CenteratUniversitatObertadeCatalunya(UOC),Barcelona,Spain Antoni Pérez-Navarro FacultyofComputerSciences,MultimediaandTelecommunicationat UniversitatObertadeCatalunya(UOC),Barcelona,Spain; InternetInterdisciplinaryInstitute(IN3)atUOC,Castelldefels,Spain Joaquín Torres-Sospedra InstituteofNewImagingTechnologies,JaumeIUniversity,Castellón,Spain Raul Montoliu InstituteofNewImagingTechnologies,JaumeIUniversity,Castellón,Spain AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom ©2019ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-0-12-813189-3 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MaraConner AcquisitionEditor:SonniniRYura EditorialProjectManager:GabrielaDCapille ProductionProjectManager:R.VijayBharath Designer:VictoriaPearson TypesetbySPiGlobal,India Dedicatories Gràcies Eduard i Pilar per haver alimentat aquesta curiositat que em permet aprendre i gaudirdiareredia. Gràcies Neus i Aniol per ser la meva font d’inspiració diària, per tots els somriures que m’heurobatipelsqueencaram’heuderobar. Jordi GràciesEli,GuillemiMiquel.Aquítrobareumoltsmomentsenquèestàveuambmi,però noemvèieu.Graciasamispadresyamifamilia,porvermásdeloqueveo. Toni GràciesAnaperregalar-metantsmomentsenaquestviatge. 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Raúl Contributors Amanda Antunes Geodetic Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba,Brazil PanagiotisBamidis MedicalSchooloftheAristotleUniversityofThessaloniki,Thessa- loniki,Greece ÓscarBelmonte-Fernández InstituteofNewImagingTechnologies,JaumeIUniversity, Castellón,Spain Maria-GabriellaDiBenedetto DepartmentofInformationEngineering,Electronicsand Telecommunications(DIET),SapienzaUniversityofRome,Rome,Italy MauriBenedito-Bordonau EstudiosGIS,C/AlbertEinstein,Vitoria-Gasteiz,Spain Rafael Berkvens Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp—IMEC IDLab, Antwerp,Belgium DinaBousdarAhmed InstituteofCommunicationsandNavigation,GermanAerospace Center(DLR),Oberpfaffenhofen,Germany IgnacioBravo-Muñoz DepartmentofElectronics,UniversityofAlcalá,Madrid,Spain ThomasBurgess indoo.rsGmbH,Wien,Austria Andrea Calia Department BE-OP, European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN Cedex,France OscarCanovas FacultyofComputerScience,UniversityofMurcia,Murcia,Spain GiuseppeCaso DepartmentofInformationEngineering,ElectronicsandTelecommuni- cations(DIET),SapienzaUniversityofRome,Rome,Italy Jordi Conesa Faculty of Computer Sciences, Multimedia and Telecommunication at UniversitatObertadeCatalunya(UOC),Barcelona,Spain GiuseppeConti Nively,Nice,France AntónioCosta AlgoritmiResearchCenter,UniversityofMinho,Guimarães,Portugal Constantinos Costa Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus AntoninoCrivello InstituteofInformationScienceandTechnologies“A.Faedo”National ResearchCouncil,ISTI-CNR,Pisa,Italy Álvaro De-La-Llana-Calvo Department of Electronics, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain LucieneS.Delazari GeodeticSciencesGraduateProgram,FederalUniversityofParaná, Curitiba,Brazil EstefaniaMunozDiaz InstituteofCommunicationsandNavigation,GermanAerospace Center(DLR),Oberpfaffenhofen,Germany NicolaDorigatti Trilogissrl,Rovereto,Italy xv xvi CONTRIBUTORS PedroPauloFarias CartographicEngineeringUndergraduateCourse,FederalUniversity ofParaná,Curitiba,Brazil Leonardo Ercolin Filho Department of Geomatics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba,Brazil FernandoJ.ÁlvarezFranco SensorySystemsResearchGroup,UniversityofExtremadura, Badajoz,Spain FelixJ.Garcia FacultyofComputerScience,UniversityofMurcia,Murcia,Spain AlfredoGardel-Vicente DepartmentofElectronics,UniversityofAlcalá,Madrid,Spain Noelia Hernández Intelligent Vehicles and Traffic Technologies Group, University of Alcalá,Madrid,Spain A.K.M.MahtabHossain DepartmentofComputingandInformationSystems,University ofGreenwich,London,UnitedKingdom Joaquín Huerta Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Jaume I University, Castellón, Spain Susanna Kaiser Institute of Communications and Navigation, German Aerospace Center(DLR),Oberpfaffenhofen,Germany StefanKnauth HFTStuttgart,UniversityofAppliedSciences,Stuttgart,Germany EvdokimosKonstantinidis Nively,Nice,France JoséLuisLázaro-Galilea DepartmentofElectronics,UniversityofAlcalá,Madrid,Spain Elina Laitinen Laboratory of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Tampere UniversityofTechnology,Tampere,Finland Ki-JouneLi PusanNationalUniversity,Busan,SouthKorea ElenaSimonaLohan LaboratoryofElectronicsandCommunicationsEngineering,Tam- pereUniversityofTechnology,Tampere,Finland JoseMaríaCaberoLopez TecnaliaResearch&Innovation,Derio,Spain Pedro E. Lopez-de-Teruel Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain Juraj Machaj Department of Multimedia and Information-Communication Technolo- gies,UniversityofZilina,Žilina,Slovakia GermánM.Mendoza-Silva Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Jaume I University, Castellón,Spain FilipeMeneses AlgoritmiResearchCenter,UniversityofMinho,Guimarães,Portugal Raul Montoliu Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Jaume I University, Castellón, Spain AdrianoMoreira AlgoritmiResearchCenter,UniversityofMinho,Guimarães,Portugal LucaDeNardis DepartmentofInformationEngineering,ElectronicsandTelecommuni- cations(DIET),SapienzaUniversityofRome,Rome,Italy MariaJoãoNicolau AlgoritmiResearchCenter,UniversityofMinho,Guimarães,Portugal FilippoPalumbo InstituteofInformationScienceandTechnologies“A.Faedo”National ResearchCouncil,ISTI-CNR,Pisa,Italy Contributors xvii Antoni Pérez-Navarro Faculty of Computer Sciences, Multimedia and Telecommuni- cation at Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona; Internet Interdisciplinary Institute(IN3),Castelldefels,Spain FrancescoPotortì InstituteofInformationScienceandTechnologies“A.Faedo”National ResearchCouncil,ISTI-CNR,Pisa,Italy AdriánPuertas-Cabedo SolucionesCuatroochentaS.L.,ESPAITEC2,Castellón,Spain PhilippRichter Laboratory of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Tampere UniversityofTechnology,Tampere,Finland Luis E. Rodríguez-Pupo Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Jaume I University, Castellón,Spain David Rodríguez-Navarro Department of Electronics, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain Emilio Sansano-Sansano Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Jaume I University, Castellón,Spain Scarlet Barbosa dos Santos Cartographic Engineering Undergraduate Course,Federal UniversityofParaná,Curitiba,Brazil RhaissaVianaSarot GeodeticSciencesGraduateProgram,FederalUniversityofParaná, Curitiba,Brazil Lorenz Schauer Mobile and Distributed Systems Group, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany PedroFigueiredoeSilva Laboratory of Electronics and Communications Engineering, TampereUniversityofTechnology,Tampere,Finland Jukka Talvitie Laboratory of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Tampere UniversityofTechnology,Tampere,Finland Joaquín Torres-Sospedra Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Jaume I University, Castellón,Spain Sergio Trilles Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Jaume I University, Castellón, Spain PawelWilk SamsungR&DPoland,Warszawa,Poland SisiZlatanova UniversityofNewSouthWales,Sydney,Australia Preface GeolocationsystemshavebeenpresentduringdecadesthanktoGlobalNavigationSatel- liteSystem(GNSS),ofwhichthebestknownistheGPS.However,theeruptionofmobile technologies and the availability of geographical data have driven to an eclosion of geolocationservicesanditspopularization.Nowadays,mostofpeopledailyuseservices that deal with geographical information. These services, known as Location-Based Ser- vices (LBS), include navigation systems that guide users by car, foot, or bicycle; help to evacuationsystems;socialnetworkservices,amongothers. Nevertheless, despite its popularization, these services can be considered useless in mostofthesituations,sincetheyarebasedmostlyonGNSSandpeoplespend80%-90%of theirtimeinplaceswhereGNSSdonotwork:indoorenvironments.Theseenvironments includeoffices,undergrounds,shoppingmalls,airports,etc.ThemainreasonsforGNSS not working in indoor environments are two: satellite signal cannot reach with enough intensity in indoor spaces; and in the case signal would be strong enough, maps of the buildingsarenotavailableinthesamewaythatnowadaysareoutdoorsmaps,thatis,the mapsshouldhavetobeavailableandtheyshouldhavetobeinadigitalformatthatLBS couldunderstandandinterpret.Thus,indoorpositioninghastwochallenges:location,to knowthecoordinatesofanobjectwithinabuilding;andposition,forwhichdevelopment and creation of indoor maps is needed. Therefore, new solutions should be taken into account. Another relevant issue when dealing with indoor positioning is the creation and accessofindoormaps.Althoughseveralsolutionshavebeenproposed,likeIndoorGML, IndoorOSM, Indoor Here Maps, there is not a unique way to access and to create maps. If indoor positioning and navigation should be used as democratically as outdoors, new specificationstodefinemapsinaunifiedsemanticsshouldbeprovided.Inaddition,the publication of indoor maps arise new serious issues that should be taken into account carefully: (1) privacy, that is, which maps should be available and for whom?; and (2) security,thatis,whichtechniquesareneedtoenforcethedetectedprivacyconstraints? Itisimportanttonotethatseveralsolutionsandtechniquesarealreadyavailabletoget positioninginindoorenvironmentswithacceptableaccuracy,suchasBluetooth,radiofre- quency,infrared,ultra-wide-band,etc.Butallthesesolutionsneedthedeploymentofded- icatedsensorswithinthebuilding.Therefore,althoughtheyareefficient,theymaynotbe economicallyscalableandshouldneedmaintenance.Furthermore,mostofthemdonot providecontinuityoutdoor-indoor,someofthemdonotevenworkinsmartphones,and alsotheyonlyworkproperlyinthesingleenvironmentforwhichtheyhavebeendesigned. xix
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