Genetic resources collections of leafy vegetables

17 Pages·2012·0.23 MB·English

GenetResourCropEvol(2012)59:981–997
DOI10.1007/s10722-011-9738-x
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Genetic resources collections of leafy vegetables (lettuce,
spinach, chicory, artichoke, asparagus, lamb’s lettuce,
rhubarb and rocket salad): composition and gaps
R. van Treuren • P. Coquin • U. Lohwasser
Received:11January2011/Accepted:21July2011/Publishedonline:7August2011
(cid:2)TheAuthor(s)2011.ThisarticleispublishedwithopenaccessatSpringerlink.com
Abstract Lettuce, spinach and chicory are gener- nl/cgn/pgr/LVintro/. Based on a literature study, an
ally considered the main leafy vegetables, while a analysis of the gene pool structure of the crops was
fourth group denoted by ‘minor leafy vegetables’ performed and an inventory was made of the distri-
includes,amongstothers,rocketsalad,lamb’slettuce, bution areas of the species involved. The results of
asparagus, artichoke and rhubarb. Except in the case these surveys were related to the contents of the
of lettuce, central crop databases of leafy vegetables newly established databases in order to identify the
were lacking until recently. Here we report on the main collection gaps. Priorities are presented for
update of the international Lactuca database and the futuregermplasmacquisitionaimedatimprovingthe
development of three new central crop databases for coverageofthecropgenepoolsinexsitucollections.
each of the other leafy vegetable crop groups.
Requests for passport data of accessions available Keywords Chicory (cid:2) Crop database (cid:2) Germplasm
to the user community were addressed to all known availability (cid:2) Lettuce (cid:2) Minor leafy vegetables (cid:2)
European collection holders and to the main collec- Spinach
tion holders located outside Europe. Altogether,
passport data of 17,530 accessions from a total of
129 collections were collected. The four separate Introduction
databasesweremadeavailableonlineviaacommon
entry page accessible at http://documents.plant.wur. Leafyvegetablesconstituteahighlyvariablegroupof
crop plants, which are grown for their edible leaves,
which are rich sources of minerals and vitamins.
R.vanTreuren(&)
Lettuce,spinachandchicoryaregenerallyconsidered
CentreforGeneticResources,TheNetherlands(CGN),
the main leafy vegetables because of the worldwide
WageningenUniversityandResearchCentre,
P.O.Box16,6700AAWageningen,TheNetherlands humanconsumptionandeconomicalimportance.For
e-mail:[email protected] these three crops combined, the world production
quantity in 2008 reached 38.11 million tons on a
P.Coquin
harvested area of 1.95 million hectares (FAO 2010).
VarietyStudyDivision,DomainedelaBoisselie`re,
GEVES,49250Brion,France Otherleafyvegetablesinclude,amongstothers,rocket
salad,lamb’slettuce,asparagus,artichokeandrhubarb
U.Lohwasser
(Lebeda and Boukema 2001). This fourth group is
DepartmentofGenebank,LeibnizInstituteofPlant
denoted by ‘minor leafy vegetables’, which refers
GeneticsandCropPlantResearch,Corrensstrasse3,
06466Gatersleben,Germany moretothelevelofattentionthesecropshavereceived
123
982 GenetResourCropEvol(2012)59:981–997
in the past, rather than to their market impact. For interest(HodgkinandHajjar2008).Efficientaccessto
example, the worldwide harvested area of asparagus thesegeneticresourcesisthereforeessentialinmodern
was1.39 millionhectaresin2008,whichexceedsthe plantbreeding.
valueof1.06forlettuceandchicorycombined(FAO Inadditiontothepresenceofdesiredtraits,thelevel
2010). Furthermore, crops such as rocket salad and ofinter-fertilitywithcultivatedplantsisoneofthekey
lamb’slettucehaveincreasedinproductionbecauseof factors determining the usefulness of wild species in
their use in processed products, such as mixed salad plantbreeding.Speciesmaybeclassifiedaccordingto
packages that have received growing interest from theirpositionwithinthetotalgenepoolfollowingthe
consumersduringthelasttwodecades. principles of Harlan and de Wet (1971) who distin-
European breeding companies, next to companies guishedthreecategoriesoftaxabasedonthelevelof
located inthe UnitedStates, have a strong position in inter-fertility.Theprimarygenepoolisformedbythe
the seed market of leafy vegetables. As in many cultivated and wild species that can be inter-crossed
vegetablecrops,breedingactivitiesinleafyvegetables relativelyeasy,generallyresultinginfertileoffspring.
aremainlydirectedtoqualitycharactersandimprove- Thesecondarygenepoolconsistsofspeciesthatshow
ment of the resistance against pests and diseases. only low levels of fertility with cultivated plants,
Currently,resistancetolettucedownymildew(Bremia although gene transfer is possible through consider-
lactucaeRegel)andlettuceaphid[Nasonoviaribisnigri able effort. The tertiary gene pool is constituted by
(Mosley)] are the main characters in lettuce breeding species that usually do notdisplay inter-fertility with
(Lebeda et al. 2007; Mou 2008), while resistance to cultivatedplants,requiringtechniquessuch asbridge
spinach downy mildew is of main interest in the crosses or embryo rescue to obtain some fertile
improvementofspinach cultivars (Correlletal.2003; offspring.Studiesonspeciesrelationshipswithinleafy
Morelock and Correll 2008). The prime characters in vegetable crops have been performed predominantly
chicorybreedingvaryamongthedifferentspeciesand forlettuce(forareviewseeLebedaetal.2007).
subspecies. The two main species within the genus A survey of genetic resources collections of leafy
CichoriumareC.endiviaL.,includingssp.endivia(cut vegetablesin1999showedthatapproximately23,000
and plain endive), and C. intybus L., including var. accessions were conserved on a global scale (Van
foliosum Hegi(leaf chicory, witloof) and var.sativum Hintum and Boukema 1999). In 2000, a central crop
(Bisch.) Janch. (root chicory). For witloof and root database for lettuce, called the international Lactuca
chicory, the latter being used either for roasting or database (ILDB), was developed (Stavelikova et al.
inulinproduction,breedingeffortsfocusonproductiv- 2002).However,availabilityoftheincludedmaterial
ity and improvement of nutritional and taste compo- to the user community was not considered. Until
nents,inadditiontotheimprovementoftheresistance recently, databases for other leafy vegetables were
topestsanddiseases(Dore´ andVaroquaux2006).For lacking. Here we report on the recent update of the
cut and plain endive and for the Italian leaf chicory ILDBandtheestablishmentofcentralcropdatabases
cultivargroups(e.g.ChioggiaandVerona),adaptation for spinach, chicory and minor leafy vegetables,
tonovelgrowinghabitsandresistanceimprovementto takingavailabilityoftheaccessionsintoaccount.The
pests and diseases are the main characters of interest composition of the databases is presented and
(Bellamy 2000). Only little is known about breeding analyzed with respect to species representation and
activitiesforminorleafyvegetables.Forlamb’slettuce coverage of the main distribution areas in order to
onemainaspectistodevelopastrategyforresistance identify important collection gaps that may serve as
against downy mildew (Peronospora valerianellae guidelines for future germplasm acquisition.
Fuckel) (Pietrek and Zinkernagel 2002). Other breed-
ing programmes are dealing with marker assisted
selection for the identification of special agronomic Materials and methods
traits in artichoke (Martin et al. 2008, 2010) and with
hybrid breeding in asparagus (Scholten and Boonen Database development
1996; Moreno et al. 2010). Particularly in the case of
novel resistances, crop related wild relatives are The leafy vegetable crops that were addressed in the
increasingly being explored to find the characters of presentpaperfollowedtheworkinggroupstructureof
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GenetResourCropEvol(2012)59:981–997 983
the European Cooperative Programme for Plant made to verify the actual availability of the acces-
Genetic Resources (ECPGR). However, distinction sions, neither was the validity of the supplied data
between the different vegetable crop groups is not about taxonomy and geographic origin verified. Fur-
precisely defined. For example, the Brassicas are thermore,thedatawerenotcheckedfortheexistence
treated as a separate group although many cabbages of potential duplicate accessions within or between
aregrownfortheiredibleleaves,whilerocketsaladis collections. Requesting and processing of the data
considered a leafy vegetable although this crop is wascarriedoutbetween2007and2009.Requestsfor
often included in Brassica collections. Dill is datawererepeatedincasenoresponsewasreceived.
included in the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants In a few cases where no data were received for
working group although the leaves form one of the European collections, the data from EURISCO were
main use aspects of this herb. The crops considered downloadedandincludedinthedatabase.Forlettuce,
by the leafy vegetables working group of ECPGR the data from Iran in the previous version of the
was established in 2000 during a meeting of the ILDB were maintained because of missing updates.
network coordinating group on vegetables. Lettuce, Theresultspresentedinthepresentpaperwerebased
spinach and chicory were considered the main crops, on the data extracted in March 2010 from the inter-
while the minor leafy vegetables included, amongst national leafy vegetables databases that can be
others, rocket salad, lamb’s lettuce, asparagus, arti- accessed on line via http://documents.plant.wur.nl/
choke and rhubarb (Lebeda and Boukema 2001). cgn/pgr/LVintro/. Each of the four databases also
To update the ILDB and to develop databases for include an overview of the contributors to the dat-
spinach, chicory and minor leafy vegetables, it was abases, together with links to the institutional web-
aimed to include all European collections and the sites and to the contact persons of the collections.
maincollectionslocatedoutsideEurope.Arequestto
provide accession information was directed to the Wild species and distribution areas
members of the ECPGR working group on leafy
vegetables (http://www.ecpgr.cgiar.org/Workgroups/ In order to identify main collection gaps within the
Leafy_Vegetables/Leafy_Vegetables.htm), the hold- newly established databases an inventory was made
ers of collections included in EURISCO (http:// of the crop related wild speciesand their distribution
eurisco.ecpgr.org/home_page/home.php), the partici- areas. The International Plant Names Index (IPNI;
pants in the EU GENRES project ‘‘Leafy vegetables http://www.ipni.org/index.html) of September 2009
germplasm,stimulatinguse’’(http://documents.plant. was used as the basis for the inventory. Species
wur.nl/cgn/pgr/leafyveg/)andthemainnon-European nameswerecheckedforsynonymyandreassignment
collection holders listed in the Bioversity Directory to other genera and reported distribution areas were
of Germplasm Collections (http://www2.bioversity collected using information provided by IPNI, GRIN
international.org/Information_Sources/Germplasm_ Taxonomy for Plants (http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-
Databases/Germplasm_Collection_Directory/). Col- bin/npgs/html/index.pl), Flora Europaea (http://rbg-
lection holders that were not part of the aforemen- web2.rbge.org.uk/FE/fe.html), Mansfeld’s World
tioned groups but who were included in the first Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
versionoftheILDBwerealsoapproachedinthecase (http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de), Tropicos (http://
oflettuce.Requestsfordatawereaccompaniedbyan www.tropicos.org/) and the Cichorieae Portal (http://
Excel spreadsheet containing instructions for data wp6-cichorieae.e-taxonomy.eu/portal/). For lettuce,
submission and a format for information on 35 theresultsofanearlierinventory(Lebedaetal.2004)
passport descriptors largely following the EURISCO were included in the analyses.
descriptor list (http://eurisco.ecpgr.org/documents/eu Tostructurethelettucegenepoolwefollowedthe
risco_descriptors-update-feb2008.pdf). In the request classification described by Koopman et al. (1998;
for data it was emphasized to provide information 2001) and by GRIN Taxonomy for Plants. This
only of accessions that in principle are available for classification system is largely in line with the one
distributiontousers.Receiveddatawerecorrectedin described earlier by Zohary (1991). However, com-
case of obvious spelling and formatting errors, but pleteconsensusaboutspeciesrelationshipswithinthe
otherwise remained untreated. No attempts were genus Lactuca is still lacking and discussed in more
123
984 GenetResourCropEvol(2012)59:981–997
detail by Lebeda et al. (2007). Hybrids and taxo- whereas for another 51 the taxomic status and their
nomicclassificationsbelowthespecieslevel,suchas belonging to the genus Lactuca was questionable.
subspeciesandforms,weredisregardedinthecaseof Of the remaining 130 species, 20 are generally
lettucebecauseofthesizeofthegenusLactuca.Also considered to be part of the lettuce gene pool
for chicory, species relationships within the genus (Table 1).
Cichorium are still debated. Here we followed the Accession data were collected from a total of 30
chicory gene pool structure suggested by Kiers et al. collections, including contributions from Armenia,
(2000)andB.Desprez(pers.comm.).Concerningthe Iran and the United States. Altogether, the data of
gene pool structure of spinach usually three species 11,643 accessions were included in the ILDB. The
are distinguished, namely cultivated spinach (Spina- main part of the ILDB is constituted by landraces,
cia oleracea L.), which is inter-fertile with the wild cultivars, research lines and breeding materials of
speciesS.tetrandraStevenexM.Bieb.(Sneep1957) cultivated lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) represented
andS.turkestanicaIljin(Handkeetal.2000).Forthe with 10,198 accessions (88%). A highly unbalanced
group of minor leafy vegetables the analysis of the distributionwasobservedforspeciesbelongingtothe
gene pool structure was restricted to rocket salad croprelatedwildgenepool as96%oftheaccessions
(DiplotaxisandEruca)becauseoftherelativelyhigh arecoveredbyonlythreespecies,namelyL.serriola
number of accessions involved for this crop and L., L. saligna L. and L. virosa L. Eight species,
because of the limited information about species includingL.azerbaijanicaRech.f.andL.scarioloides
relationshipsavailablefortheothercrops.Inorderto Boiss. that are part of the primary lettuce gene pool,
structure the gene pool of Diplotaxis and Eruca the evenlackasingleaccessionintheILDB.Concerning
crossing ability and inter-fertility between species in the primary gene pool, L. serriola L. with 987
the entire family Brassicaceae was studied by means accessions is the only wild species that is well
of a literature survey. Firstly, the relationship represented (Table 1). The category ‘‘unknown and
between species within the genus Eruca and within other taxa’’ included 167 accessions, comprising
the genus Diplotaxis was investigated (Eschmann- specimensofL.biennis(Moench)Fernald,L.canad-
Grupe et al. 2003; Warwick et al. 2007). Secondly, ensis L., L. dentata Makino, L. dissecta D. Don,
the relationship of each of these genera with other L. floridana (L.) Gaertn., L. homblei De Wild.,
Brassicaceae genera and species was determined L. indica L., L. livida Boiss. et Reut., L. perennis L.,
(Harberd and McArthur 1980; Warwick and Black L. raddeana Maxim. and L. tenerrima Pourret, a
1993; Prakash et al. 1999; Snowdon et al. 2007; number of hybrids and undetermined Lactuca spe-
Warwick et al. 2009). cies, and a few samples from the genera Chondrilla,
Tosummarizegeographicalinformation,countries Cicerbita, Mycelis and Steptorhamphus that are
were grouped together according to the regional related to Lactuca (results not shown).
subdivision of the United Nations Statistics Division The reported geographic distribution area of the
(http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm) species of the lettuce gene pool and the degree of
with the exception that for lettuce and spinach coveragebyaccessionsintheILDBisalsopresented
the Russian Federation was regarded to comprise inTable 1.Accessionsofcultivatedlettucehavebeen
Northern Asia instead of belonging to Eastern Eur- collected from all regions of the world, the majority
ope, while Cyprus was considered to belong to originating from Europe and Asia and relatively few
Southern Europe instead of Western Asia. from Africa. All the main horticultural types, i.e.
‘butterhead’,‘crisphead’,‘cutting’,‘cos’,‘stalk’,and
‘Latinlettuce’,arewellrepresentedintheILDBwith
Results a wide variety in geographic origin (results not
shown). The more primitive horticultural type ‘oil-
Lettuce seedlettuce’,whichhasarestrictedcultivationinthe
Middle East, is represented by six L. sativa L.
Survey of the International Plant Names Index accessions, all originating from Egypt. No data on
revealed a total number of 538 Lactuca species, of geographic origin was provided for 3,063 accessions
which 357 referred to synonyms and basionyms, of L. sativa L. (30%).
123
GenetResourCropEvol(2012)59:981–997 985
ctuca rosa
Laal Lvi.L. 67 2 3 23 39 15 7 1 7 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 58 141
n
o
ati na
n g
nter sali 7 6 3 7 1 8 3 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 3
ei L.L. 3 2 4 4 1 10
h
t
dedin rriola
u e
incl Ls.L. 458 119 19 116 204 344 77 0 24 9 234 14 1 13 0 16 0 16 0 0 155 987
ol
po es
ne oid
ge ol
lettuce Lscari.Boiss. 0 0 0 0 0
s)
e
n
li a
cal gic
verti georossh.
by L.Gr 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
d
y(separate dregeanaC.
ar L.D 0 0 4 4
erti
t
yandarea anica
y,secondardistribution Lazerbaij.Rech.f. 0 0 0 0
primaretotal et
heth h.
tn s
ciesofnwithi aicaFiMey.
Lactucaessionsofspeortedgeographicregio LaculeataLalt..Boiss.C.A. 21 0 0 0 00 21 06 27
cp
mberofacDB)perre Lsativa.L. 5,702 1,107 406 2,096 2,093 1,029 8 152 83 108 14 664 64 1 3 58 1 1 322 12 3 281 26 18 3063 10,198
Table1Nudatabase(IL Region Europe East North South West Asia Central East North South Southeast West Africa Central East North South West America Caribbean Central North South Oceania Unknown Total
123
986 GenetResourCropEvol(2012)59:981–997
a
n
a
ni
o
s
at
wel.
L.Tr 0 0 0 0
Lviminea.(L.)J.PresletC.Presl 10 2 4 4 7 0 0 0 7 0 0 3 20
ricaMey.
a
tatA.
L.C. 2 0 0 2 4 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 2 8
a
oliet
cifh.
ac
xa
Ltara.SchumThonn. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lsibirica.Benth.exMaxim. 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 inbold
d
e
cina denot
r
e e
qu ar
L.L. 2 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 4 ent
n
s nti
ali co
Lorient.Boiss. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 otalsper
T
ntata y‘0’.
e b
d
longioris noted
L.M 0 0 0 0 de
e
ar
´c) B
xˇci D
ap.ePans IL
Laure.(Sch.BiVis.etStebbin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 dinthe
e
nt
hifoliaBoiss. eprese
antd.) otr
ued acWill sn
ntin L.( 0 0 0 0 0 0 gion
Table1co Region Europe East North South West Asia Central East North South Southeast West Africa Central East North South West America Caribbean Central North South Oceania Unknown Total Reportedre
123
GenetResourCropEvol(2012)59:981–997 987
The majority of wild species of the primary gene Chicory
pool have their distribution area in Asia, with the
exception of L. dregeana DC. that is restricted to Thirty seven Cichorium species were found in IPNI
South Africa and L. serriola L. that can be found on including 32 synonyms. The chicory gene pool
all continents (Table 1). For L. serriola L., being the appearedquitelimitedintermsofnumberofdifferent
only wild species of the primary gene pool that is species as it is represented by the two cultivated
well represented inthe ILDB, relatively few samples species C. endivia L. and C. intybus L. and the three
were collected from Africa (14) and America (16), wild species C. calvum Sch. Bip., C. spinosum Jacq.
and none from Oceania. Like L. serriola L., also andC.botaeDeFlers(Table 3).Duetotheverylow
L. saligna L. and L. virosa L., constituting the fertility resulting from interspecific crosses and the
secondary gene pool, show a cosmopolitan distribu- very diverse use aspects of the cultivated types, the
tion.Thepredominanceofaccessionsofthesespecies species C. endivia L. (cut and plain endive) and
from Europe and Asia in the ILDB was even more C.intybusL.(rootchicoryandleafchicory,thelatter
clear-cut than observed for L. serriola L. as no including witloof and the Italian chicory cultivar
accessionsfromAfricaandOceaniaareincludedand groupssuchasChioggiaandVerona)areseparatedin
America is only represented by a single sample of the primary and secondary gene pool, respectively.
L. virosa L. The ten species of the tertiary gene pool C. endivia L. is a self-compatible annual, while
are mainly distributed in Europe and Asia, and are C. intybus L. is a predominantly self-incompatible
represented by low numbers of accessions, or not at biennial to perennial species (Rick 1953; Eenink
all, in the ILDB. 1981; Cichan 1983).
Inthe international chicory database C.endivia L.
Spinach andC.intybusL.arerepresentedwith585(34%)and
947 accessions (55%), respectively. The taxonomic
In the International Plant Names Index only 14 status of 184 accessions (11%) was found to be
Spinacia species were reported, of which seven were unknown. The primary gene pool also includes the
foundtobesynonymsandfourwerereassignedtothe wild subspecies C. endivia L. ssp. pumilum (Jacq.)
genusAtriplex.Therefore,thegenepoolofspinachis Cout. (9 accessions) and the wild species C. calvum
quite small, consisting of cultivated spinach (Spina- Sch. Bip. that is not represented in the ICDB. The
cia oleracea L.) and the wild species S. tetrandra secondary gene pool also includes the wild species
Steven ex M. Bieb. and S. turkestanica Iljin that are C. spinosum Jacq. that has also been regarded as a
interfertile with each other. Data of 2,017 accessions subspecies of C. intybus L. and that is lacking from
were collected from a total of 25 collections located the ICDB. The tertiary gene pool is constituted by
mainly in Europe, with the exception of Armenia, C. botae De Flers that occurs in Saudi Arabia and
Azerbaijan and the United States. YemenandthatiscompletelyinfertilewithC.endivia
The international spinach database includes the L. and C. intybus L.. No accessions of this species
data of 1,769 accessions of cultivated spinach orig- occur in the ICDB. Altogether the data of 1,716
inating from a wide variety of geographic regions accessionswerecollectedfrom21collectionslocated
(Table 2).Aswasobservedforcultivatedlettuce,the mainlyinEurope.Accessions fromtheUnitedStates
majority of accessions of cultivated spinach origi- representlessthan5%oftheICDB.Themainpartof
nated from Europe and Asia. The wild species are the ICDB is formed by C. intybus L. var. foliosum
poorly represented in the database including only 12 Hegi (36%), C. endivia L. ssp. endivia (32%) and
accessionsofS.tetrandraStevenexM.Bieb.and14 C. intybus L. var. intybus (11%) that are mainly
of S. turkestanica Iljin. Although for each of these landraces and cultivars of European origin.
species a single accession was included with Ger-
manyasdocumentedorigincountry,theirdistribution Minor leafy vegetables
areas are restricted to Asia (Uotila 1997). The
databasecontains222accessions(11%)withmissing The database of the minor leafy vegetables (IMDB)
taxonomic data. consists of 163 accessions of artichoke, 356 of
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988 GenetResourCropEvol(2012)59:981–997
Table2 Numberof
S.oleraceaL. S.tetrandra S.turkestanica Unknown
accessionsofSpinacia
StevenexM.Bieb. Iljin
speciesbelongingtothe
primaryspinachgenepool
Europe 636 1 1 96
includedintheinternational
East 79 23
spinachdatabase(ISDB)
perreportedgeographic North 82 25
regionwithinthetotal South 158 10
distributionarea
West 317 1 1 38
Asia 741 8 5 95
Central 4 4 1
East 133 37
North 20 1 1 10
South 111 0 0 16
Southeast 1 1
West 472 7 0 30
Africa 10 5
Central
East 3
North 7 5
South
West
Americas 14 26
Caribbean
Central 1
North 13 26
South
Reporteddistributionareas
notrepresentedintheISDB Oceania 3
aredenotedby‘0’.Totals Unknown 365 3 8
percontinentaredenotedin Total 1,769 12 14 222
bold
asparagus, 77 of lamb’s lettuce, 326 of rhubarb, and which D. tenuifolia (L.) DC. (Table 5B) and D. mu-
1,232 of rocket salad, with a total number of 2,154 ralis(L.)DC.(Table 5C)areusedascultivatedcrops
accessions (Table 4). A gap analysis was carried out in addition to their use as wild plants. D. tenuifolia
forrocketsalad,whichwasstudiedseparatelyforthe (L.)DC.canalsobefoundinthesecondarygenepool
genera Eruca and Diplotaxis that both are used as ofEruca,andD.harra(Forssk.)Boiss.belongstothe
salad (Table 5). In the International Plant Names tertiary gene pool of D. muralis (L.) DC. An
Index 50 records were found for Eruca and 112 for important position is occupied by many Brassica
Diplotaxis. For Eruca, 46 records could be ascribed species as they occur in the secondary and tertiary
to synonyms and basionyms or displayed a question- gene pool of Eruca as well as of Diplotaxis, while
able status. Only four names are accepted, of which mostoftheotherspeciesofthegenusDiplotaxisand
Eruca sativa Mill. together with E. vesicaria (L.) Erucastrumarecloselyrelatedbutnotinvolvedinthe
Cav.thatissynonymoustoE.sativaMill.,andEruca gene pool.
pinnatifida (Desf.) Pomel, which is sometimes The genera Eruca and Diplotaxis are represented
described as a subspecies of both other species in the IMDB with high numbers of accessions
represent the primary gene pool of Eruca, whereas belonging to the primary gene pool and with even
theothersarewildspeciesthatarenotcrossablewith higher numbers of secondary and tertiary gene pool
the species ofthe primary gene pool(Table 5A). For accessions,thelatterbeingduetotheinvolvementof
Diplotaxis,14acceptednamescouldberecognizedof Brassicaspecies.Thenativedistributionofcultivated
123
GenetResourCropEvol(2012)59:981–997 989
nal wn
o o
ernati Unkn 121 3 26 92 7 5 2 2 1 1 1 1 53 184
nt
i
edinthe Cbotae.DeFlers 0 0 0
d
u
cl m
olin osu
o n
genep Cspi.Jacq. 0 0 0
y
or s
c u n
s)chi intybvar.know
line C.L.un 42 11 17 14 10 3 6 1 1 1 6 5 1 2 61
byvertical usL.var.(Bisch.) bold
parated Cintyb.sativumJanch. 41 10 4 27 2 2 6 4 2 20 69 notedin
e e
s d
(
yandtertiaryea Cintybus.L.foliosumvar.Hegi 427 2 2 158 265 5 2 3 6 6 187 625 continentare
mary,secondardistributionar Cintybus.L.var.intybus 126 25 7 49 45 3 1 2 1 1 62 192 0’.Totalsper
ngtotheprihinthetotal Ccalvum.Sch.Bip. 0 0 0 denotedby‘
choriumspeciesbelongidgeographicregionwit aCendivia.L.pumilumssp.(Jacq.)Cout. 3 3 3 2 1 0 0 3 9 sentedintheICDBare
Table3CiNumberofaccessionsofchicorydatabase(ICDB)perreporte CendiviaCendivi..L.ssp.L.ssp.endiviaunknown 32613Europe East2 North4 South1319 West1894 81Asia Central East4 North South1 Southeast West31 6Africa Central East1 North5 South West 2115Americas Caribbean Central North1415 South7 Oceania Unknown186 Total54729 Reporteddistributionareasnotrepre
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990 GenetResourCropEvol(2012)59:981–997
Table4 Numberofaccessionsofspeciesrelatedtoartichoke(A),asparagus(B),lamb’slettuce(C),rhubarb(D)androcketsalad
(E)includedintheinternationalminorleafyvegetablesdatabase(IMDB)
Species IMDB Species IMDB
(A)Artichoke(Cynara)—163accessions
C.albaDC. 1 C.humilisL. 3
C.cardunculusL. 131 C.scolymusL.a 27
C.cornigeraLindl. 1
(B)Asparagus(Asparagus)—356accessions
A.acutifoliusL. 8 A.maritimusMill. 1
A.africanusLam. 2 A.officinalisL. 224
A.albusL. 2 A.oligoclonosMaxim. 1
A.aphyllusL. 1 A.pastorianusWebbetBerthel. 1
A.arborescensWilld.exSchult.etSchult.f. 1 A.plumosusBakerb 1
A.asparagoides(L.)Druce 4 A.pseudoscaberGrecescu 1
A.brachyphyllusTurcz. 1 A.racemosusWilld. 8
A.bucharicusIljin 1 A.scopariusLowe 2
A.caspicusHohen. 1 A.scandensThunb. 2
A.cochinchinensis(Lour.)Merr. 3 A.setaceus(Kunth)Jessop 9
A.dauricuslink 3 A.stipularisForssk. 2
A.declinatusL. 3 A.tenuifoliusLam. 1
A.densiflorus(Kunth)Jessop 19 A.umbellatusLink 2
A.falcatusL. 4 A.verticillatusL. 14
A.gonocladosBaker 1 A.virgatusBaker 4
A.laricinusBurch. 4 A.sp. 24
A.litoralisSteven 1
(C)Lamb’slettuce(Valerianella)—77accessions
V.carinataLoisel. 1 V.lusitanicaFontQuer 1
V.coronata(L.)DC. 2 V.pumila(L.)DC. 4
V.dentata(L.)Pollich 2 V.rimosaBastard 2
V.eriocarpaDesv. 2 V.sp. 4
V.locusta(L.)Laterr. 59
(D)Rhubarb(Rheum)—326accessions
R.altaicumLosinsk. 3 R.palmatumL. 12
R.australeD.Don 6 R.rhabarbarumL. 162
R.compactumL. 3 R.rhaponticumL. 23
R.crispumHort.exG.Don 1 R.ribesL. 2
R.emodiWall.exMeisn.c 1 R.tanguticum(Maxim.exRegel)Maxim.exBalf. 3
R.hybridumMurray 6 R.tataricumL.f. 7
R.macrocarpumLosinsk. 1 R.tibeticumMaxim. 2
R.maculatumC.Y.ChengetT.C.Kao 1 R.undulatumL.d 1
R.maximowicziiLosinsk. 3 R.webbianumRoyle 1
R.moorcroftianumRoyle 1 R.wittrockiiC.E.Lundstr. 2
R.officinaleBaill. 13 R.sp. 72
E.Rocketsalad—1,232accessions
BuniaserucagoL. 2 Diplotaxissp. 41
Diplotaxisacris(Forssk.)Boiss. 1 Erucapinnatifida(Desf.)Pomel 13
Diplotaxisassurgens(Delile)Gren. 15 ErucasativaMill. 495
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