Gender and Time Use in a Global Context: The Economics of Employment and Unpaid Labor PDF
Preview Gender and Time Use in a Global Context: The Economics of Employment and Unpaid Labor
Gender and Time Use in a Global Context RachelConnelly(cid:129)EbruKongar Editors Gender and Time Use in a Global Context The Economics of Employment and Unpaid Labor Editors RachelConnelly EbruKongar BowdoinCollegeDeptofEconomics DickinsonCollege Brunswick,Maine,USA Carlisle,Pennsylvania,USA ISBN978-1-137-56836-6 ISBN978-1-137-56837-3(eBook) DOI10.1057/978-1-137-56837-3 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017945087 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsof translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesare exemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformation in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespectto thematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.The publisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitu- tionalaffiliations. Coverimage©FrankieAngel/AlamyStockPhoto Printedonacid-freepaper ThisPalgraveMacmillanimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisNatureAmericaInc. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:1NewYorkPlaza,NewYork,NY10004,U.S.A. To ourfamilies and to caregiverseverywhere A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS We acknowledge with gratitude the constructive feedback we have received on the contents of this book from Günseli Berik, Diane Elson, Naila Kabeer, Nancy Folbre, Joyce Jacobsen, and Şemsa Özar. We also thank Elizabeth Weston for the extraordinary administrative support she provided in pulling the chapters together to make them a book. Earlier versions of seven chapters in this book were presented at the 25th International Association for Feminist Economics (IAFFE) conference held in Galway between June 24–26, 2016. We thank the discussants andattendees fortheirhelpful feedback. vii C ONTENTS Feminist ApproachestoTime Use 1 RachelConnelly andEbru Kongar PART I Gender,TimeUse, andthe Macroeconomy Unpaid Work inMacroeconomics: AStocktaking Exercise 29 İpekİlkkaracan The Challengeof Austerityfor GenderEquality inEurope: AConsideration of Eight Countriesat the Center of the Crisis 51 Maria Karamessini andJillRubery Women,Recession, andAusterity: AComment on“The Challengeof GenderAusterityfor Equality: AConsideration of Eight EuropeanCountries in theCrisis” 75 LourdesBenería Paid andUnpaid Work Timeby Labor ForceStatusof Prime AgeWomen andMenin Canada:The Great Recessionand GenderInequality in Work Time 85 FionaMacPhail ix x CONTENTS Gender,SocioeconomicStatus, TimeUse of MarriedandCohabitingOpposite-SexParents, andthe Great Recessionin the USA 113 EbruKongar andMarkPrice TimeandIncome Povertyin the Cityof BuenosAires 161 RaniaAntonopoulos, Valeria Esquivel,Thomas Masterson andAjit Zacharias The DualProblem of Unemployment andTimePoverty inSouth Africa:UnderstandingTheir Linkages 193 Abhilasha SrivastavaandMaria Sagrario Floro Womenand theUrban Economy in India:Insightsfromthe Dataon Migration 231 Smriti Rao PART II The Microeconomics of GenderedTime Use –The Intersectionality of CareWork, Labor Market Work, andHousework The Challengeof “Indirect Care” 261 JulieA.Nelson Caregivingby Older Adultsin the United States:Gender Differences inWell-being 271 CharleneM. Kalenkoski Division ofWorkforce andDomestic Labor Among Same-SexCouples 283 EstherD. Rothblum DoubleShift, DoubleBalance:Houseworkin the Presence of Childrenin the United States 305 DeborahS.DeGraffandRebecca M.Centanni CONTENTS xi How DoCaregivingResponsibilities Shapethe TimeUse of WomenandMen inRural China? 333 Margaret Maurer-FazioandRachel Connelly GenderedPatterns ofTime Use overthe LifeCycle in Turkey 373 EbruKongar andEmelMemiş EnvironmentalChores, Household TimeUse, andGender in RuralTanzania 407 DeborahS.DeGraff, DeborahLevison andEstherW.Dungumaro GenderDivisionsin the Real Timeof the Elderly in SouthAfrica 435 DorritPoselandErofili Grapsa IsIt Just TooHard?Gender TimeSymmetryin Market and Nonmarket Work andSubjectiveTimePressure in Australia, Finland,andKorea 465 Lyn Craig,JudithE. Brown, Lyndall StrazdinsandJiweonJun Index 495 L F IST OF IGURES PaidandUnpaidWorkTimebyLaborForceStatusofPrimeAgeWomen andMeninCanada:TheGreatRecessionandGenderInequality inWorkTime Fig.1 Unemploymentrates,monthly(seasonallyadjusted),women andmen,Canada,January2006toDecember2013 97 Fig.2 Employmentrates,monthly(seasonallyadjusted),women andmen,January2006toDecember2013 100 Fig.3 Laborforceparticipationratesforpartnered(marriedorin common-law)womenwithapartnerwhoisunemployedor notinthelaborforce,Canada,2006–2013 102 Fig.A1 Employmentrates,womenandmen,1985–2015 107 Fig.A2 Averageweeklyhoursworked(alljobs),womenandmen, 1985–2015 107 Gender,SocioeconomicStatus,TimeUseofMarriedandCohabiting Opposite-SexParents,andtheGreatRecessionintheUSA Fig.1 Primarychildcaregivingtimeofmothersandfathersby socioeconomicstatus 129 Fig.2 Primarychildcaregivingtimeofmothersandfathersbyrace andethnicity(SeenotestoFig.1.Fig.2matchesthespeci- ficationinTable2,PanelsDandF.) 130 Fig.3 Secondarychildcaregivingtimebysocioeconomicstatus(See notestoFig.1.Fig.3showsthepredictedmeanminutes spentinsecondarychildcareactivities,andmatchesquadratic specificationsinTable3,PanelsA,B,C,andE.) 134 xiii
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