Gasdynamics of detonations and explosions (Volume 75, Progress in astronautics and aeronautics)

461 Pages·1981·26.04 MB·English

by  J. R. Bowen

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10. GASDYNAMICS OF DETONATIONS
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ok AND EXPLOSIONS
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9 Edited by
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86 J.R. Bowen
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60 University of Wisconsin
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97 Madison, Wisconsin
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OI: Poitiers, France
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SI Volume 75
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L PROGRESS IN
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GI ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS
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TE Martin Summerfield, Series Editor-in-Chief
TI Princeton Combustion Research Laboratories, Inc.,
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ER Princeton, New Jersey
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b Technical papers from the Seventh International Colloquium on Gasdynamics
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de of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Gottingen, .Federal Republic of Germany,
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Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10104.
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D American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
org | New York, New York
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c. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
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htt International Colloquium on Gasdynamics of Explosions
13 | and Reactive Systems (7th: 1979: Gottingen, Germany)
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1, 2 Gasdynamics of detonations and explosions.
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n Ju (Progress in astronautics and aeronautics; v. 75)
A o Held under the auspices of the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the
SI University of Gottingen and Max-Planck-Institut
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LA fur Stromungsforschung, Aug. 20-24, 1979.
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M 1. Explosions—Congresses. 2. Gasdynamics—Congresses.
GI I. Bo wen, J. Raymond. II. Universitat Gottingen.
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L Institut fur Physikalische Chemie. III. Max-Planck-Institut
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KN fur Stromungsforschung. IV. Title. V. Series.
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T TL507.P75 [QD516] 629.1s[662'.4] 81-1010
SITI ISBN 0-915928-46-9 AACR2
ER SET 0-915928-45-0
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y U Copyright © 1981 by
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d American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
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wnl All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or
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recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher.
Table of Contents
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49 Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. vii
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51 List of Series Volumes 1-76............................. xiv
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OI: Plenary Lecture: Particle Sizing in Flames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
D
k S. S. Penner and P. H. P. Chang, University of California, San Diego,
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B La Jolla, California
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0. Chapter I. Wall and Confinement Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31
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54 Turbulent Flame Propagation and Acceleration in the Presence
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0 of Obstacles........................................... 33
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81 I. O. Moen, M. Donate, R. Knystautas, and J. H. Lee, McGill
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5.9 University, Montreal, Canada and H. Gg. Wagner, University of
14/ Gottingen, Gottingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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0.
1
OI: Detonation of Unconfined Fuel Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 48
D D. C. Bull, M. A. McLeod, and G. A. Mizner, Shell Research Ltd.,
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or Chester, England
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ar Initiation of Unconfined Gas Detonations in Hydrocarbon-Air
http:// Mixtures by a Sympathetic Mechanism ...................... 61
3 | D. C. Bull, J. E. Elsworth, and M. A. McLeod, Shell Research Ltd.,
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0 Chester, England and D. Hughes, University College of Wales,
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11, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Wales
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on J Detection Method for the Deflagration to Detonation Transition
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SI in Gaseous Explosive Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 73
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A C. Brochet and M. Sayous, Universite de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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A
M
GI Influence of the Nature of Confinement on Gaseous Detonation ... 87
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L T. V. Bazhenova, V. P. Fokeev, and Yu. Lobastov, Academy of Sciences,
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N Moscow, U.S.S.R. and J. Brossard, T. Bonnet, B. Brion, and N.
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TE Charpentier, Universite d'Orleans, Bourges, France
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E Mechanical Effects of Gaseous Detonations
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NI on a Flexible Confinement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 108
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y J. Brossard and J. Renard, Universite d'Orleans, Bourges, France
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nlo Oxyhydrogen Detonations under Surface Catalysis.............. 122
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o T. Fujiwara and T. Hasegawa, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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iv
Pressure and Wall Heat Transfer behind a Hydrogen/Azide
97 Detonation Wave in Narrow Tubes........................ 134
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65 C. Paillard, G. Dupre, R. Lisbet, and J. Combourieu, University
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4/4. d'Orleans, Orleans, France and V. P. Fokeev, L. G. Gvozdeva, and
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5 T. V. Bazhenova, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, U.S.S.R.
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0.
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OI: Pressure Evolution behind Spherical and Hemispherical Detonations
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k in Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 150
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B D. Desbordes and N. Manson, Universite de Poitiers, Poitiers, France and
00 | J. Brossard, University d'Orleans, Bourges, France
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0 Deflagration Explosion of an Unconfined Fuel Vapor Cloud. ..... 166
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49 S. Taki and Y. Ogawa, Fukui University, Fukui, Japan
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16 Self-Similar Blast Waves Supported by Variable Energy Deposition
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97 in the Flowfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 178
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4/ R. H. Guirguis and A. K. Oppenheim, University of California, Berkeley,
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2 Calif, and M. M. Kamel, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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D Chemical Kinetics in LNG Detonations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 193
org | C. K. Westbrook and L. C. Haselman, Lawrence Livermore National
aa. Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, Calif.
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20 Molecular Dynamics of Shock and Detonation Phenomena
11, in Condensed Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 209
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un J. R. Hardy, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb. and A. M. Karo and
on J F. E. Walker, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of
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SI California, Livermore, Calif.
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A TNT Explosions in a Hard Vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 226
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GI A. L. Kuhl, R & D Associates, Marina Del Rey, Calif, and M. R. Seizew,
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L TR W Defense and Space Systems, Redondo Beach, Calif.
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TE Gasdynamic Investigations of Lead Azide/Lead Styphnate Detonation
SITI Processes in Vacuum by Multichannel Mass Spectrometry ...... 242
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E H. Trinks and N. Schilf, Hochschule der Bundeswehr, Hamburg, Federal
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ed The Effect of the Shock-Wave Front on the Origin of Reaction ... 253
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oa A. N. Dremin and V. Yu. Klimenko, Academy of Sciences,
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Single-Shock Curve Buildup and a Hydrodynamic p^t{ Criterion
7 for Initiation of Detonation.............................. 269
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54 M. Cowperthwaite, SRI International, Menlo Park, Calif.
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1 Induction Delay and Detonation Failure Diameter of Nitromethane
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0. Mixtures. ............................................ 282
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OI: H. N. Presles and C. Brochet, Universite de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Bo Critical Area Concept for the Initiation of a Solid High Explosive
00 | by the Impact of Small Projectiles ........................ 296
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0.0 H. Moulard, French-German Institute of Saint-Louis, Saint-Louis, France
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49 Shock Initiation of Hydrazine Mononitrate ................... 303
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86 M. Yoshida and T. Yoshida, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan and K.
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60 Tanaka, S. Fujiwara, and M. Kusakabe, National Chemical Laboratory
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7 for Industry, Ibaragi, Japan
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25 Action of Charges with Axial Cavities on Rocks ............... 314
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DOI: 1 V. UV..S .MS.iRtr.o faanndo vG .a nAd. IV. oTr.o tBelajkakir oavn, dA Vca. dAe.m Sya logf aSncikie, nAcceas,d Nemovyo osifbirsk,
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p:// for Various Percussion Primers........................... 323
htt K. K. Kuo, B. B. Moore, and D. Y. Chen, The Pennsylvania State
13 | University, University Park, Pa.
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ne Chapter III. Cellular Structure of Detonations ............. 339
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A Diffraction of a Planar Detonation in Various Fuel-Oxygen Mixtures
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AY at an Area Change..................................... 341
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A D. H. Edwards and G. O. Thomas, University of Wales, Aberystwyth,
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GI Wales and M. A. Nettleton, Central Electricity Council, Leatherhead,
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E Reinitiation Process at the End of the Detonation Cell .......... 358
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TI J-C. Libouton, M. Dormal, and P. J. Van Tiggelen, Universite
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R Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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U Effects of Cellular Structure on the Behavior of Gaseous Detonation
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a P. A. Urtiew and C. M. Tarver, Lawrence Livermore National
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Chapter IV. Detonations at Moderate Pressures........... 385
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86 Influence of the Heat-Release Function on the Detonation States .. 387
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4/ H. Gu£noche, P. Le Diuzet, and C. Sedes, University de Provence,
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2 Marseille, France
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D Detonation Characteristics of Gaseous Ethylene, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
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0 | P. Bauer, S. Krishnan, and C. Brochet, University de Poitiers, Poitiers,
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97. Detonation Characteristics of Two Ethylene-Oxygen-Nitrogen Mixtures
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65 Containing Aluminum Particles in Suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 423
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0 B. Veyssiere, R. Bouriannes, and N. Manson, University de Poitiers,
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78 Poitiers, France
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0.2 Generation of Detonations by Two-Stage Burning . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 439
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OI: M. Zalesinski and S. W6jcicki, Warsaw Technical University, Warsaw,
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PREFACE
This volume and its companion, Volume 76, include the revised
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54 and edited papers that were presented at the Seventh International
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4. Colloquium on the Gasdynamics of Explosions and Reactive
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51 Systems, held in Gottingen, Federal Republic of Germany, in
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1 August 1979. These International Colloquia had their origin in 1966
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D as a consequence of some new advances that had been achieved in
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0 | leading researchers in this field came to the conclusion that a regular
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0 forum would be required for discussions of the important new
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00 findings in gasdynamics flows associated with exothermic
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49 process—the essential feature of detonation waves—but covering a
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6
8 much broader scope of applications.
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16 The subject matter of Gasdynamics of Explosions is concerned
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5.9 principally with the interrelationship between rate processes of
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51 energy deposition in a compressible medium and its concurrent
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10. nonsteady flow, as it occurs typically in explosion phenomena.
OI: Gasdynamics of Reactive Systems is a broader term that includes
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arc. media, as they occur in any combustion system. In this connection,
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3 | shock phenomena, and reactive flow, papers were presented at the
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2 Seventh Colloquium that dealt especially with gasdynamic aspects of
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n J combustion with particular emphasis on the effects of turbulence,
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A and the diagnostic techniques for the study of combustion
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Y phenomena. Of special interest, moreover, were papers that dealt
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A with effects of radiative heat transfer on fluid dynamic features of
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GI reactive systems, as in the case of luminous flames, intense fires, and
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L gasdynamic lasers.
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K The contributions to the Seventh Colloquium have been collected
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TI T into two volumes; Volume 75 covers Gasdynamics of Detonations
RSI and Explosions, and Volume 76 covers Combustion in Reactive
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V Systems. The contributions in Volume 75 have been grouped into
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The number in parenthesis after each subtopic indicates the number of papers
appearing under that topic.
VII
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Detonations at Moderate Pressures (4). The contributions in Volume
7 76 have been grouped into chapters on Nonequilibrium Processes
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65 (5), Ignition (4), Turbulence (10), Asymptotics (7), Detailed Kinetic
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4/4. Modeling (3), and Miscellany (8). In some instances the subject of a
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25 particular contribution defies such a neat categorization, and the
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OI: editors were compelled, more or less arbitrarily, to assign the
D subtopic, guided by the relevance and the goal of the reported
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00 | Moen, Donato, Knystautas, and Lee on the interactions of turbulent
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0. flames with obstacles. Since this work is clearly related to the
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7.0 establishment of explosions or detonations in the absence of con-
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54 finement, it was assigned to the chapter on Wall and Confinement
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00 Effects.
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8 "Particle Sizing in Flames," by Penner and Chang, has been given
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5. special status since it derives from the plenary lecture given by
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25 Penner. This work is concerned with in situ particle sizing, which is
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D mation in flames. The paper includes a review of optical techniques
org | which employ measurement of scattered laser power spectra and an
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aia extended discussion of results which have been obtained principally
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ar by the authors and their co-workers from observation of scattered
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htt power spectra in a flat flame burner. Their results provide a
13 | beautiful example of the utility of laser diagnostics for nonintrusive
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1, measurement of mean particle diameter and particle concentration
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ne of soot in flames.
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A short space of this Preface to do justice to all of the stimulating
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M papers, but the more noteworthy among them are highlighted here.
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O Gasdynamies of Detonations and Explosions (Volume 75)
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K Wall and Confinement Effects. The papers in this chapter are
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TI T concerned with the characterization of gas phase detonations or
SI explosions which may occur as a consequence of an accidental
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V release of large quantities of flammable vapor (or a volatile liquid).
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U Such studies are needed to provide assessments of minimal ignition
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ow initiate explosive burning rates in unconfined media when either
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substantial levels of turbulence result from the release of the fuel
cloud or turbulence-producing obstacles are present. Moen, Donato,
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Knystautas, and Lee report their observation and model of the
97 acceleration of methane-air flame in the presence of obstacles.
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86 Brochet and Sayous report on a device for observing deflagration-to-
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4/ detonation transition in large-scale devices, while Bull, McLeod,
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0.2 Mizner, and Elsworth present experimental results on "unconfined"
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OI: aerosol detonations and sympathetic initiation of unconfined
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k detonations. Westbrook and Haselman combine numerical models
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0 a characteristic time analysis to generate estimates of the minimum
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00. amount of explosive to detonate methane/air mixtures.
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7. Liquid and Solid Phase Phenomena. In addition to the
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65 phenomenological studies, there is a considerable interest in the
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0 potential of condensed phase explosives for damage. Of the ten
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78 papers in this area, five are primarily concerned with charac-
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4/ terization of the phenomenon, and five deal with effects of ex-
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2 plosions. In the former category, Cowperthwaite uses a similarity
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OI: solution to model the initiation of a detonation in a condensed
g | D explosive and to develop a criterion for the onset of detonation.
or Dremin and Klimenko report a molecular dynamic method for
a.
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p://ar suggest that a partial decomposition of the explosive may occur
htt within the shock wave. Trinks and Schilf report an application of
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n Of the several papers related to the effects of condensed ex-
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on J plosives, the contribution of Hardy, Karo, Walker, and of Kuhl and
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SI Seizew are particularly noteworthy. Hardy et al. use computer
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LA molecular dynamics to study the response of two-dimensional
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M lattices to shock loading of an exterior wall by an impacting plate. In
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O the several cases studied, the interaction of the lattice with the shock
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NO produced highly localized disruption of the opposite wall of the
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E lattice. Kuhl and Seizew report on the modeling of the evolution of
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TI spherical and planar TNT explosions in a hard vacuum with a
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E Lagrangian finite difference scheme. Their results show that the
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NI asymptotic density and dynamic pressure profiles depend on the
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by mode of energy release, the equation of state for the detonation
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de products, and the flow geometry. These results are useful for
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nl estimating blast damage from solid explosives in space.
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D Cellular Structure of Detonations. The marginal detonation, the
one near the pressure or concentration limits of detonability, is
sustained by the propagation of a three-dimensional wave complex