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Toprotecttherightsoftheauthor(s)andpublisherweinformyouthatthisPDFisanuncorrectedproofforinternalbusiness useonlybytheauthor(s),editor(s),reviewer(s),ElsevierandtypesetterdiacriTech.Itisnotallowedtopublishthisproofonline orinprint.Thisproofcopyisthecopyrightpropertyofthepublisherandisconfidentialuntilformalpublication. Boyce e9780123838421 2011/11/19 16:55 Page i #1 Gas Turbine Engineering Handbook Fourth Edition DULOV 06-ch02-009-018-9780123877796 2011/5/27 10:40 Page 19 #11 Thispageintentionallyleftblank Toprotecttherightsoftheauthor(s)andpublisherweinformyouthatthisPDFisanuncorrectedproofforinternalbusiness useonlybytheauthor(s),editor(s),reviewer(s),ElsevierandtypesetterdiacriTech.Itisnotallowedtopublishthisproofonline orinprint.Thisproofcopyisthecopyrightpropertyofthepublisherandisconfidentialuntilformalpublication. Boyce e9780123838421 2011/11/19 16:55 Page iii #3 Gas Turbine Engineering Handbook Fourth Edition Meherwan P. Boyce Managing Partner, The Boyce Consultancy Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Fellow, Institute of Diesel and Gas Turbine Engineers, U.K. AMSTERDAM•BOSTON•HEIDELBERG•LONDON NEWYORK•OXFORD•PARIS•SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO•SINGAPORE•SYDNEY•TOKYO Butterworth-HeinemannisanimprintofElsevier Toprotecttherightsoftheauthor(s)andpublisherweinformyouthatthisPDFisanuncorrectedproofforinternalbusiness useonlybytheauthor(s),editor(s),reviewer(s),ElsevierandtypesetterdiacriTech.Itisnotallowedtopublishthisproofonline orinprint.Thisproofcopyisthecopyrightpropertyofthepublisherandisconfidentialuntilformalpublication. Boyce e9780123838421 2011/11/19 16:55 Page iv #4 Butterworth-HeinemannisanimprintofElsevier 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA,02451,USA TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,Oxford,OX51GB,UK FourthEdition2012 Copyright(cid:13)c 2012ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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Boyce e9780123838421 2011/11/19 16:55 Page v #5 Contents PrefacetotheFourthEdition xix PrefacetotheThirdEdition xxiii PrefacetotheSecondEdition xxvii PrefacetotheFirstEdition xxix ForewordtotheFirstEdition xxxi AbouttheAuthor xxxiii PartI Design:TheoryandPractice 1 1 AnOverviewofGasTurbines 3 GasTurbineCycleintheCombinedCycleorCogenerationMode 3 GasTurbinePerformance 6 GasTurbineDesignConsiderations 11 CategoriesofGasTurbines 15 FrameTypeHeavy-DutyGasTurbines 16 Aircraft-DerivativeGasTurbines 30 Industrial-TypeGasTurbines 39 SmallGasTurbines 42 VehicularGasTurbines 44 Microturbines 50 MajorGasTurbineComponents 51 Compressors 51 Regenerators/Recuperators 57 FuelType 59 Combustors 61 EnvironmentalEffects 62 TurbineExpanderSection 76 Radial-InflowTurbine 76 Mixed-FlowTurbine 77 Axial-FlowTurbines 78 Materials 80 Coatings 83 GasTurbineHeatRecovery 83 SupplementaryFiringofHeatRecoverySystems 85 InstrumentationandControls 87 Toprotecttherightsoftheauthor(s)andpublisherweinformyouthatthisPDFisanuncorrectedproofforinternalbusiness useonlybytheauthor(s),editor(s),reviewer(s),ElsevierandtypesetterdiacriTech.Itisnotallowedtopublishthisproofonline orinprint.Thisproofcopyisthecopyrightpropertyofthepublisherandisconfidentialuntilformalpublication. Boyce e9780123838421 2011/11/19 16:55 Page vi #6 vi Contents 2 TheoreticalandActualCycleAnalyses 89 TheBraytonCycle 89 RegenerationEffect 92 IncreasingtheWorkOutputoftheSimple-CycleGasTurbine 95 IntercoolingandReheatingEffects 95 ActualCycleAnalysis 98 TheSimpleCycle 98 TheSplit-ShaftSimpleCycle 100 TheRegenerativeCycle 101 TheInter-cooledSimpleCycle 102 TheReheatCycle 103 TheInter-cooledRegenerativeReheatCycle 105 TheSteamInjectionCycle 105 TheEvaporativeRegenerativeCycle 109 TheBrayton–RankineCycle 110 SummationofCycleAnalysis 113 AGeneralOverviewofCombined-CyclePlants 114 CompressedAirEnergyStorageCycle 121 PowerAugmentation 122 InletCooling 122 InjectionofCompressedAir,Steam,orWater 124 InletCoolingTechniques 124 EvaporativeCoolingoftheTurbine 124 RefrigeratedInletsfortheGasTurbines 125 CombinationofEvaporativeandRefrigeratedInletSystems 127 ThermalEnergyStorageSystems 128 InjectionofCompressedAir,Steam,orWaterforIncreasingPower 128 Mid-CompressorFlashingofWater 128 InjectionofHumidifiedandHeatedCompressedAir 129 CombinationofEvaporativeCoolingandSteamInjection 131 SummationofthePowerAugmentationSystems 132 Bibliography 137 3 CompressorandTurbinePerformanceCharacteristics 139 AerothermodynamicsofTurbomachinery 139 IdealGas 140 Dry-andWet-bulbTemperatures 144 OpticalandRadiationPyrometers 148 IdealGasLaws 149 CompressibilityEffect 150 AerothermalEquations 153 ContinuityEquation 153 MomentumEquation 154 EnergyEquation 156 Toprotecttherightsoftheauthor(s)andpublisherweinformyouthatthisPDFisanuncorrectedproofforinternalbusiness useonlybytheauthor(s),editor(s),reviewer(s),ElsevierandtypesetterdiacriTech.Itisnotallowedtopublishthisproofonline orinprint.Thisproofcopyisthecopyrightpropertyofthepublisherandisconfidentialuntilformalpublication. Boyce e9780123838421 2011/11/19 16:55 Page vii #7 Contents vii Efficiencies 157 AdiabaticThermalEfficiency 158 PolytropicEfficiency 161 DimensionalAnalysis 163 CompressorPerformanceCharacteristics 166 TurbinePerformanceCharacteristics 167 GasTurbinePerformanceComputation 167 Bibliography 176 4 PerformanceandMechanicalStandards 177 MajorVariablesforaGasTurbineApplication 177 TypeofApplication 177 PlantLocationandSiteConfiguration 179 PlantType 180 GasTurbineSizeandEfficiency 180 TypeofFuel 180 Enclosures 183 PlantOperationMode:BaseorPeaking 184 Start-UpTechniques 184 PerformanceStandards 184 ASMEPTC19.1:TestUncertainty 185 ASMEPTC19.3:Part3:TemperatureMeasurement InstrumentsandApparatus 185 ASMEPTC19.5:FlowMeasurement,Published2004 186 PTC19.10:FlueandExhaustGasAnalyses,Part10 187 ASMEPTC19.11:SteamandWaterSampling,Conditioning, andAnalysisinthePowerCycle 187 ASMEPTC19.23:GuidanceManualforModelTesting,Published1980 188 ASME PTC 46: Performance Test Code on Overall Plant Performance, PublishedJanuary1,1996 188 ObjectandScope 188 PerformanceTestCodeonGasTurbines 190 ASMEPTC22,Published2006 190 ASMEMeasurementofExhaustEmissionsfromStationary GasTurbineEnginesB133.9,Published1994 190 ASME PTC 36 Measurement of Industrial Sound (ASME B133.8), Published2004 191 MechanicalParameters 191 ASMEB133.2BasicGasTurbines,Published1977 (Reaffirmed:1997) 192 ASMEB133.3ProcurementStandardforGasTurbineAuxiliary Equipment,Published1981(Reaffirmed1994) 192 ASMEB133.4GasTurbineControlandProtectionSystems, Published1978(Reaffirmed:1997) 192 Toprotecttherightsoftheauthor(s)andpublisherweinformyouthatthisPDFisanuncorrectedproofforinternalbusiness useonlybytheauthor(s),editor(s),reviewer(s),ElsevierandtypesetterdiacriTech.Itisnotallowedtopublishthisproofonline orinprint.Thisproofcopyisthecopyrightpropertyofthepublisherandisconfidentialuntilformalpublication. Boyce e9780123838421 2011/11/19 16:55 Page viii #8 viii Contents ASMEB133.5ProcurementStandardforGasTurbineElectrical Equipment,Published1978(Reaffirmed:1994) 193 ASMEB133.7MGasTurbineFuels,Published1985 (Reaffirmed:1992) 193 ASMEB133.8GasTurbineInstallationSoundEmissions, Published1977(Reaffirmed:1989) 193 ASMEB133.9MeasurementofExhaustEmissionsfrom StationaryGasTurbineEngines,Published:1994 193 APIStd616GasTurbinesforthePetroleum,Chemical,and GasIndustryServices,FourthEdition,August1998 194 APIStd613SpecialPurposeGearUnitsforPetroleum,Chemical, andGasIndustryServices,FourthEdition,June1995 194 APIStd614Lubrication,Shaft-Sealing,andControl-OilSystems andAuxiliariesforPetroleum,Chemical,andGasIndustry Services,FourthEdition,April1999 194 APIStd618,ReciprocatingCompressorsforPetroleum,Chemical, andGasIndustryServices,FourthEdition,June1995 195 APIStd619,Rotary-TypePositiveDisplacementCompressors forPetroleum,Chemical,andGasIndustryServices,Third Edition,June1997 195 ANSI/APIStd670Vibration,Axial-Position,and Bearing-TemperatureMonitoringSystems,ThirdEdition, November1993 195 APIStd671,SpecialPurposeCouplingsforPetroleum,Chemical, andGasIndustryServices,ThirdEdition,October1998 195 APIStd677,General-PurposeGearUnitsforPetroleum, Chemical,andGasIndustryServices,SecondEdition,July1997 (Reaffirmed:March2000) 196 ApplicationoftheMechanicalStandardstotheGasTurbine 196 Gears 203 LubricationSystems 205 VibrationMeasurements 206 Specifications 208 5 RotorDynamics 215 MathematicalAnalysis 215 UndampedFreeSystem 217 DampedSystem 218 ForcedVibrations 222 DesignConsiderations 224 ApplicationtoRotatingMachines 226 RigidSupports 226 FlexibleSupports 228 CriticalSpeedCalculationsforRotorBearingSystems 230 Toprotecttherightsoftheauthor(s)andpublisherweinformyouthatthisPDFisanuncorrectedproofforinternalbusiness useonlybytheauthor(s),editor(s),reviewer(s),ElsevierandtypesetterdiacriTech.Itisnotallowedtopublishthisproofonline orinprint.Thisproofcopyisthecopyrightpropertyofthepublisherandisconfidentialuntilformalpublication. Boyce e9780123838421 2011/11/19 16:55 Page ix #9 Contents ix ElectromechanicalSystemsandAnalogies 232 ForcesActingonaRotor-BearingSystem 233 Rotor-BearingSystemInstabilities 236 Self-ExcitedInstabilities 239 CampbellDiagram 244 Bibliography 250 PartII MajorComponents 251 6 CentrifugalCompressors 253 CentrifugalCompressorComponents 254 InletGuideVanes 260 Impeller 262 Inducer 264 CentrifugalSectionofanImpeller 267 CausesofSlipinanImpeller 269 StodolaSlipFactor 272 StanitzSlipFactor 273 Diffusers 274 ScrollorVolute 275 CentrifugalCompressorPerformance 278 RotorLosses 279 StatorLosses 281 CompressorSurge 283 EffectsofGasComposition 289 ExternalCausesandEffectsofSurge 290 SurgeDetectionandControl 291 ProcessCentrifugalCompressors 292 CompressorConfiguration 295 ImpellerFabrication 298 Bibliography 299 7 Axial-FlowCompressors 303 Introduction 303 BladeandCascadeNomenclature 306 ElementaryAirfoilTheory 309 Laminar-FlowAirfoils 311 EnergyIncrease 313 VelocityTriangles 313 DegreeofReaction 315 RadialEquilibrium 319 DiffusionFactor 320 TheIncidenceRule 321 TheDeviationRule 323