Gaosu Startup Control Theory and Application Technology/ Gaosu Qidong Kongzhi Lilun He Yingyong Jishu: Control System and Energy System

396 Pages·2020·15.593 MB·English

by  Yaobao Yin, Jiangwei Wu

Yaobao Yin
High Speed
Pneumatic Theory
and Technology
Volume II
Control System and Energy System
High Speed Pneumatic Theory and Technology
Volume II
Yaobao Yin
High Speed Pneumatic
Theory and Technology
Volume II
Control System and Energy System
123
Yaobao Yin
Schoolof MechanicalEngineering
TongjiUniversity
Shanghai, China
Translated by
JiangweiWu
ShanghaiMaritime University
Shanghai, China
ISBN978-981-15-2201-7 ISBN978-981-15-2202-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2202-4
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Preface
Pneumaticservocontroloriginatedfromthegasservosystemofmissileandrocket
attitudecontrolbeforeandafterWorldWarII.Inthepast60years,inordertodevelop
spaceinEuropeandAmerica,coldairorhotgashasbeenusedasworkingmediumfor
rocket attitude control and thrust vector control of aircraft. The attitude control of
China’sLongMarchserieslaunchvehiclesusescylindergassourcetodrivepneu-
matic turbine and hydraulic pump to generate hydraulic energy. The thrust vector
control of missiles and large launch vehicles uses integrated gas turbine pump
electro-hydraulicintegratedenergydevice.Becausehigh-temperature,high-pressure,
high-speedhotgasandultra-high-pressurecoldgastechnologycanbeusedinweapon
systems, at present, countries have implemented strict control and blockade on
aerospacehigh-speedpneumaticcontroltheoryandtechnology,andpublicreportsare
extremelyrare.In1960,J.L.Shearer,anAmerican,co-authoredFluidPowerControl,
thefirstbookonhydrodynamiccontrol,basedonpneumaticmotorexperiments.In
1963,theJapanWeldingAssociationappliedpneumaticsystemtoautomotivebody
spotweldingmachine,pneumaticsolenoidvalveandpneumaticproportionalvalve
came out one after another. In 1965, Araki Kenji published Servo Mechanism, a
representativeworkonpneumaticservomechanism,whichusedchamberandspring
compensationforpneumaticservovalves.In1986,ChineseQuYiyisummedupthe
essenceofforeignliteratureandcompiledPneumaticServoSystem.Formanyyears,
high-temperature, high-pressure, high-speed, and high-precision pneumatic control
theoryandtechnologyhavebeenlistedasthekeyresearchtopicinvariouscountries,
butthepublicinformationandresultsarerare.
In view of the lack of basic theory of high-speed pneumatic control in aero-
dynamics, the author systematically and timely summarizes the advanced basic
theory and application technology of high-speed pneumatic control, especially the
basictheoryandkeytechnologiesappliedtomajorprojectsformedintheprocessof
research and development in aerospace, aviation, construction machinery, new
energy vehicles, automated production lines, and other equipment, based on many
years of practice in the development of major equipment and weapon systems
includingthepneumaticseriesresearchtopicsundertakenbytheauthorfoundedby
the National Defense Weapon System, the National High-tech Research and
v
vi Preface
Development Program (863 Program), the National Natural Science Foundation,
the National Science and Technology Support Program, the Aviation Fund, the
Shanghai Pujiang Talent Program, and the National Cooperation Program. This
book is divided into 14 chapters. Chapter 1 is an introduction, focusing on the
origin, types, and characteristics of pneumatic servo control, so that readers can
understand the history, development process and typical flow characteristics of
pneumatic control. Chapter 2 is pneumatic components foundation, which intro-
duces the types, characteristics and basic characteristics of working medium,
pneumatic control valve, and pneumatic servo valve. Chapters 3 and 4 are new
principles of high-speed pneumatic servo valves including double-orifices sym-
metrical pneumatic servo valves, double-orifices asymmetrical pneumatic servo
valves, asymmetrical hydraulic valves, symmetrical even underlaps pneumatic
servo valves, symmetrical uneven underlaps pneumatic servo valves, zero-position
flow state of pneumatic servo valves, asymmetrical pneumatic servo valve control
pressure system. Chapter 5 describes the pneumatic servo system, involving the
pneumatic servo system and its working point compensation method,
valve-controlledpneumatic system mathematicalmodel,examples. Chapters6 and
7introducethepneumaticrefrigerationmechanism,pneumaticheatingmechanism,
pneumatic temperature control principle, new structure, principle, and design
method of ultra-high-pressure pneumatic pressure reducing valve, 35 and 70 MPa
pneumatic pressure reducing valve. Chapter 8 introduces the characteristics of
pneumatic actuators and pneumatic components in extreme environments, includ-
ing the natural frequencies of cylinders and hydraulic cylinders, the characteristics
of pneumatic motors, and the service characteristics of accumulators and cylinders
in extreme temperatures. Chapters 9 and 10 describe the high-temperature and
high-speed gas turbine pump electro-hydraulic energy system for aircraft, the
aerodynamic principle of aircraft attitude control, involving the research achieve-
ments of electro-hydraulic servo control technology of aircraft gas turbine pump,
gasgenerator,gasturbine,electro-hydraulicenergycombination,gasturbinemotor
hydraulicpumpelectro-hydraulicenergysystem,gassteeringgear,newpneumatic
method and new principle of aircraft attitude control, etc. Chapters 11 and 12
introduce pneumatic DTH hammers and pneumatic hydraulic hammers, including
the design theory, methods, and examples of large-diameter pneumatic DTH
hammers and drills, high-speed pneumatic hydraulic composite hammers and
analytical models of pile and soil. Chapters 13 and 14 are pneumatic frontier
applications, including fuel cell vehicle hydrogen transmission system, pneumatic
principleandmathematicalmodeloftheoscillatingwatercolumntypewavepower
generation, and application example of oscillating water column wave power sta-
tion.Thepurposeofthisbookistoprovideusefulfrontiertheoreticalandpractical
materials for the professional and technical personnel in the research, design,
manufacture,testing,andmanagementofmajorequipmentandweaponssystemsin
China, and to promote the exploration of the unknown basic theories, technical
approaches or solutions in the field of high-speed pneumatic control in
aerodynamics.
Preface vii
This book is based on the author’s research results and practical experience at
home and abroad for many years, including the author’s research results in Tongji
University, Shanghai Aerospace Control Technology Research Institute, Japanese
NationalSaitamaUniversity.ThebookwasmainlywrittenbyProf.YinYaobaoof
TongjiUniversity.Chapters1,3,4,6–10,13,and14werewrittenbyYinYaobao.
The materials of Chaps. 2 and 5 were provided by Qu Yiyi (Shanghai Jiao Tong
University),andwerewritten byYinYaobao.Chapters11and12werewritten by
Guo Chuanxin (Beijing Institute of Building Mechanization) and Yin Yaobao. In
the course of publishing, the book has been strongly supported and helped by
Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers House, Shanghai Science and
Technology Monographic Publishing Fund, and Tongji University’s teaching
reform research and construction projects. Li Changming and Wang Yu, Ph.D.
students, and Chen Hao, Master student in Prof. Yin Yaobao’s Research
Department of Tongji University, and Master’s graduates from 2009 to 2013,
assisted in data collection. I would like to express my thanks here.
Shanghai, China Yaobao Yin
Summary
The theory and application technology of high-speed pneumatic control are sys-
tematically discussed in this book. The main contents include pneumatic control
components and actuators, new principles of high-speed pneumatic servo valves,
pneumatic servo systems, pneumatic refrigeration and heating principles,
ultra-high-pressure pneumatic control valves, characteristics of pneumatic compo-
nents in extreme environments, electro-hydraulic energy and steering gear system
of gas turbine pump for aircraft, aircraft attitude control pneumatic principles,
pneumatic DTH hammer, pneumatic hydraulic pile hammer, fuel cell vehicle
hydrogen transmission system, and marine wave power generation pneumatic
principle and device. This book is full of illustrations and texts, in-depth and
superficial,focusingonsystematization,professionalismandfrontier,andcombines
theory with practice closely. The application examples of major national projects
are abundant and informative.
This book can be read by scientists and technicians engaged in the research,
design, manufacture, test, and management of advanced pneumatic control ele-
mentsanddevicesformajorequipmentandweaponsystems.Itcanalsobeusedas
areferenceforteachersandstudentsmajoringinaviation,aerospace,navalvessels,
machinery, energy, ocean, transportation, etc.
ix
Contents
8 Pneumatic Actuators, Driving Elements, and Accessories . . . . . . . . 1
8.1 Pneumatic Cylinder and Hydraulic Cylinder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
8.1.1 Classification of Pneumatic Cylinder and Hydraulic
Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
8.1.2 Natural Frequency of Pneumatic Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . 2
8.1.3 Natural Frequency of Hydraulic Cylinder. . . . . . . . . . . 8
8.1.4 Comparison of Pneumatic Cylinder System
and Hydraulic Cylinder System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8.1.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.2 Structure and Characteristics of Actuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8.2.1 Pneumatic Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8.2.2 Pneumatic Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
8.3 Aircraft Hydraulic Accumulator and Cylinder in Extreme
Temperature Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
8.3.1 Extreme Temperature Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
8.3.2 Van der Waals Equation for Real Gases . . . . . . . . . . . 41
8.3.3 Inflation Mass of High-Pressure Gas Cylinders . . . . . . 42
8.3.4 GasPressureServiceCharacteristicsofHigh-Pressure
Cylinders and Cavities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
8.3.5 Service Characteristics of Accumulator . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
8.3.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
9 High-Temperature and High-Speed Gas Turbine Pump
Electro-Hydraulic Energy System for Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
9.1 Electro-Hydraulic Servo Control Technology of Aircraft
Gas Turbine Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
9.1.1 Overview of Electro-Hydraulic Control
Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
9.1.2 Elastic O-Ring Sealing Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
xi
xii Contents
9.1.3 Technical Characteristics of Electric-Hydraulic
Servo System for Aircraft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
9.1.4 Design Method of Air Defense Missile Control
Execution System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
9.1.5 Auxiliary Energy for Air Defense Missiles. . . . . . . . . . 95
9.1.6 Hydraulic Energy Application Technology
of Gas Turbine Pump for Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
9.2 Power Matching Design of Steering System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
9.2.1 Load Model of Steering System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
9.2.2 Optimal Matching of Output Characteristics
and Load Trajectories of Servo Mechanism . . . . . . . . . 119
9.2.3 Energy Demand of Actual Steering System . . . . . . . . . 121
9.2.4 Variation Factors of Working Pressure
and Frequency Characteristics of System . . . . . . . . . . . 122
9.3 Design Principle of Gas Generator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
9.3.1 Theoretic Derivation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
9.3.2 Application Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
9.4 Design Principle of Small Gas Turbine for Missile . . . . . . . . . . 135
9.4.1 Thermodynamic Process in Small Gas Turbine
Nozzle for Missile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
9.4.2 Efficiency of Small Gas Turbine in Missile
Hydraulic System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
9.4.3 Graphical Analysis Method for Stress of Small
Gas Turbine Disk for Missile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
9.5 Starting Characteristics of Electronic and Hydraulic
Power Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
9.5.1 Description of EHPU Starting Characteristic . . . . . . . . 151
9.5.2 EHPU Theoretical Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
9.5.3 Starting Characteristics of Hydraulic System . . . . . . . . 154
9.5.4 Starting Characteristics of Power Supply System . . . . . 156
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
10 Application of Aerodynamic Technology in Attitude Control
of Aerocraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
10.1 Aerodynamic Attitude Control Principle and Attitude
Control Method of Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
10.1.1 New Method and Principle of Attitude Control
of Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
10.1.2 Lateral Force Analysis of Attitude Control. . . . . . . . . . 166
10.1.3 Experiments and Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
10.1.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175