Gale Encyclopedia of American Law, Third Edition, Volume 13: Appendix - Primary Documents

597 Pages·2010·6.32 MB·English

by  Gale

Volume 13:
P D
RIMARY OCUMENTS
GALE
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF AMERICAN
LAW
3 E
RD DITION
GALE
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF AMERICAN
LAW
3 E
RD DITION
V 13
OLUME
P D
RIMARY OCUMENTS
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DEDICATION
Gale Encyclopedia of American Law
(GEAL) is dedicated to librarians
and library patrons throughout the
United States and beyond. Your
interest in the American legal
system helps to expand and fuel the
framework of our Republic.
k
Contents
VOLUME1 VOLUME5
Preface.........................ix Preface.........................ix
HowtoUsethisBook .............xiii HowtoUsethisBook .............xiii
Contributors.................... xv Contributors.................... xv
A–Ba.......................... 1 Fri–I.......................... 1
Abbreviations .................. 539 Abbreviations .................. 531
VOLUME2
VOLUME6
Preface.........................ix
Preface.........................ix
HowtoUsethisBook .............xiii
HowtoUsethisBook .............xiii
Contributors.................... xv
Contributors.................... xv
Be–Col ........................ 1
J–Ma.......................... 1
Abbreviations .................. 539
Abbreviations .................. 507
VOLUME3
VOLUME7
Preface.........................ix
Preface.........................ix
HowtoUsethisBook .............xiii
HowtoUsethisBook .............xiii
Contributors.................... xv
Contributors.................... xv
Com–Dor ...................... 1
Mc–Pl......................... 1
Abbreviations .................. 539
Abbreviations .................. 521
VOLUME4 VOLUME8
Preface.........................ix Preface.........................ix
HowtoUsethisBook .............xiii HowtoUsethisBook .............xiii
Contributors.................... xv Contributors.................... xv
DOT–Fre....................... 1 Po–San........................ 1
Abbreviations .................. 555 Abbreviations .................. 495
vii
viii CONTENTS
VOLUME9 VOLUME12
Preface.........................ix MilestonesintheLaw
HowtoUsethisBook .............xiii Lawrencev.Texas................. 1
Contributors.................... xv Mappv.Ohio................... 95
Sar–Ten ....................... 1 Marburyv.Madison ............. 139
Abbreviations .................. 511 Mirandav.Arizona.............. 161
NewYorkTimesv.Sullivan ........ 261
VOLUME10
Roev.Wade................... 407
Preface.........................ix
HowtoUsethisBook .............xiii VOLUME13
Contributors.................... xv
PrimaryDocuments
Ter–Z......................... 1
FoundationsofU.S.Law............ 1
Abbreviations .................. 499
CivilRights ................... 139
ReflectionsonLawand
VOLUME11 Society..................... 48 7
MilestonesintheLaw Legal Miscellany. . . . . . . . . . . . .... 571
Brownv.BoardofEducationof
Topeka,Kansas ................. 1
VOLUME14
DistrictofColumbiav.Heller ....... 167
DictionaryofLegalTerms .......... 1
Gideonv.Wainwright ............ 305
Kelov.CityofNewLondon ........ 353
G A L E E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N L A W , 3 R D E D I T I O N
Preface
T
heU.S.legalsystemisadmiredaroundthe the entry and is italicized. The Dictionary of
world for the freedoms it allows the LegalTermsvolumeisaglossarycontainingall
individualandthefairnesswithwhichitattempts thedefinitionsfromGEAL.
totreatallpersons.Onthesurface,itmayseem
FurtherReadings
simple,yetthosewhohavedelvedintoitknowthat
To facilitate further research, a list of Further
this system of federal and state constitutions,
Readingsisincludedattheendofamajorityof
statutes,regulations,andcommon-lawdecisions
themainentries.
is elaborate and complex. It derives from the
English common law, but includes principles Cross-References
older than England, along with some principles GEAL provides two types of cross-references,
fromotherlands.TheU.S.legalsystem,likemany
withinandfollowingentries.Withintheentries,
others,hasalanguageallitsown,buttoooftenitis terms are set in small capital letters—for
apnhruasnefdamiinliarLaltainng.uaTghee: mthainrdy ceodnitcieopntsoafreGsatillel eoxwanmepnletr,yLIiEnNt—hetoEnincydcilcoapteedtiah.atAtthtehyehenadveotfhtehier
EncyclopediaofAmericanLaw(GEAL),formerly
entries, related entries the reader may wish to
West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, explains
explorearelistedalphabeticallybytitle.
legaltermsandconceptsineverydaylanguage.It
Blind cross-reference entries are also in-
covers a wide variety of persons, entities, and
cluded to direct the user to other entries
eventsthathaveshapedtheU.S.legalsystemand
throughouttheset.
influencedpublicperceptionsofit.
InFocusEssays
MAINFEATURESOFTHISSET In Focus essays accompany related entries and
Entries provideadditionalfacts,details,andarguments
This Encyclopedia contains nearly 5,000 entries on particularly interesting, important, or con-
troversial issues raised by those entries. The
devotedtoterms,concepts,events,movements,
subjectscoveredincludehotlycontestedissues,
cases,andpersonssignificanttoU.S.law.Entries
such as abortion, capital punishment, and gay
on legal terms contain a definition of the
rights;detailedprocesses,suchastheFoodand
term,followedbyexplanatorytextifnecessary.
DrugAdministration’sapprovalprocessfornew
Entries are arranged alphabetically in standard
drugs;andimportanthistoricalorsocialissues,
encyclopedia format for ease of use. A wide
such as debates over the formation of the U.S.
varietyofadditionalfeaturesprovideinteresting
Constitution.
backgroundandsupplementalinformation.
Definitions Sidebars
Every entry on a legal term is followed by a Sidebars provide brief highlights of some
definition, which appears at the beginning of interestingfacetofaccompanyingentries.They
IX
X PREFACE
complementregularentriesandInFocusessays documents, laws, manuscripts, and forms
by adding informative details. Sidebar topics fundamentaltoandcharacteristicofU.S.law.
includetryingjuvenilesasadults,theTeaParty
MilestoneCasesintheLaw
Movement,andthebranchesoftheU.S.armed
Special Appendix volumes entitled Milestones
services. Sidebars appear at the top of a text
intheLaw,allowsreaderstotakeacloselookat
pageandaresetinabox.
landmarkcasesinU.S.law.Readerscanexplore
the reasoning of the judges and the arguments
Biographies
of the attorneys that produced major decisions
GEALprofiles awide variety ofinterestingand onimportantlegalandsocialissues.Includedin
influential people—including lawyers, judges, each Milestone are the opinions of the lower
governmentandcivicleaders,andhistoricaland courts;thebriefspresentedbythepartiestothe
modern figures—who have played a part in U.S. Supreme Court; and the decision of the
creating or shaping U.S. law. Each biography SupremeCourt,includingthemajorityopinion
includes a timeline, which shows important and all concurring and dissenting opinions for
moments in the subject’s life as well as eachcase.
important historical events of the period.
PrimaryDocuments
Biographies appear alphabetically by the sub-
ject’slastname. There is also an Appendix volume containing
more than 60 primary documents, such as the
English Bill of Rights, Martin Luther King Jr.’s
ADDITIONALFEATURESOFTHISSET Letter from Birmingham Jail, and several
presidentialspeeches.
EnhancementsThroughoutGEAL,readerswill
find a broad array of photographs, charts, Citations
graphs, manuscripts, legal forms, and other Wherever possible, GEAL entries include cita-
visual aids enhancing the ideas presented in tions for cases and statutes mentioned in the
thetext. text. These allow readers wishing to do
additional research to find the opinions and
Appendixes statutes cited. Two sample citations, with
Four appendix volumes are included with explanations of common citation terms, can
GEAL, containing hundreds of pages of beseenbelowandopposite.
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed 2d 694 (1966)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1. Case title. The title of the case is set in italics 4. Reporter page. The number following the
and indicates the names of the parties. The reporter name indicates the reporter page
suit in this sample citation was between on which the case begins.
Ernesto A. Miranda and the state of Arizona.
5. Additional reporter page. Many cases may
2. Reporter volume number. The number pre- be found in more than one reporter. The
ceding the reporter name indicates the
suit in the sample citation also appears in
reporter volume containing the case. (The
volume 86 of the Supreme Court Reporter,
volume number appears on the spine of the
beginning on page 1602.
reporter, along with the reporter name).
6. Additional reporter citation. The suit in the
3. Reporter name. The reporter name is abbre-
sample citation is also reported in volume
viated. The suit in the sample citation is
16 of the Lawyer’s Edition, second series,
from the reporter, or series of books, called
beginning on page 694.
U.S. Reports, which contains cases from the
U.S. Supreme Court. (Numerous reporters 7. Year of decision. The year the court issued
publish cases from the federal and state its decision in the case appears in parenthe-
courts.) ses at the end of the citation.
G A L E E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N L A W , 3 R D E D I T I O N
PREFACE XI
Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, Pub. L. No. 103–159, 107 Stat. 1536 (18 U.S.C.A. 921–925A)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1. Statute title. 6. Title number. Federal laws are divided into
2. Public law number. In the sample citation, major sections with specific titles. The num-
the number 103 indicates this law was ber preceding a reference to the U.S. Code
passed by the 103d Congress, and the num- stands for the section called Crimes and
ber 159 indicates it was the 159th law passed Criminal Procedure.
by that Congress. 7. Additional reporter. The statute in the sam-
3. Reporter volume number. The number pre- ple citation may also be found in the U.S.
ceding the reporter abbreviation indicates Code Annotated.
the reporter volume containing the statute.
8. Section numbers. The section numbers fol-
4. Reporter name. The reporter name is abbre-
lowing a reference to the U.S. Code Anno-
viated. The statute in the sample citation is
tated indicate where the statute appears in
from Statutes at Large.
that reporter.
5. Reporter page. The number following the
reporter abbreviation indicates the reporter
page on which the statute begins.
G A L E E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N L A W , 3 R D E D I T I O N