g Oracle Database 11 RAC on Linux - arsamandish.com

830 Pages·2010·9.75 MB·English

Books for professionals By professionals® The eXperT’s Voice® in oracle
Companion
eBook Available
Pro Oracle Database 11g RAC Covers
11g Release 2
Pro
on Linux
O
Dear Reader,
r
a
You are holding in your hands the result of our experience and best-thinking when
c Pro
Steve Shaw, Author of it comes to installing, configuring, and tuning Oracle Database 11g RAC on Linux.
l
Pro Oracle Database 10g Real Application Clusters, or RAC as it is commonly called, is Oracle’s industry- e
leading architecture for building scalable and fault-tolerant databases. RAC pro-
RAC on Linux
vides redundancy through multiple servers, allowing you to scale up and down D Oracle Database 11g
simply by adding or subtracting servers.
a
Using practical examples and illustrations we take you through all the stages
of building the infrastructure for the latest 11g Release 2 clustered environments t
a
from selecting the right hardware components to installing and configuring Oracle
Enterprise Linux. We detail how to install and configure Oracle VM—Oracle’s b
own virtualization solution—to enable anyone to begin working with Oracle RAC
a
RAC on Linux
straight away. We show the spectrum of configurations from single server to a fully
s
virtualized RAC implementation.
e
Building upon the Linux foundation, you will see how to successfully imple-
ment Oracle’s Grid infrastructure and RAC database software even when upgrad-
Martin Bach 1
ing from an Oracle Database 10g release. You will also learn how to manage and
monitor your new clustered installation through workload management and per- 1
formance monitoring, and parallel execution. g Installation, Administration, Performance
We make no assumptions on your experience with Oracle 11g RAC Release 2,

or with Linux. Our goal in this book is to provide a complete reference to all of the R
information you will need, beginning with the essential grounding of concepts and
A
architecture. We have comprehensively researched, tested, and detailed every step
of the process so this book can be your guide to taking the next step in the evolu- C
tion of grid and cloud computing with Oracle 11g Release 2 RAC on Linux.

o
Steve Shaw & Martin Bach Create robust and scalable database systems
n
Companion eBook using Oracle’s clustering and grid technologies
THE APRESS ROADMAP L
Beginning Pro Pro i
Oracle Database 11g Oracle Database 11g Oracle Database 11g n
Administration Administration RAC on Linux
u

x
Beginning Pro Expert
Oracle SQL Oracle SQL Oracle Practices
SOURCE CODE ONLINE Steve Shaw and Martin Bach
S
B
www.apress.com h
a
a
c
w
h
US $59.99
Shelve in:
Databases / Oracle
User level:
Intermediate–Advanced

Pro Oracle Database 11g RAC
on Linux







  
Steve Shaw
Martin Bach
Pro Oracle Database 11g RAC on Linux
Copyright © 2010 by Steve Shaw and Martin Bach
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval
system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher.
ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4302-2958-2
ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4302-2959-9
Printed and bound in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol
with every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos, and images only
in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of
the trademark.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are
not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject
to proprietary rights.
President and Publisher: Paul Manning
Lead Editor: Jonathan Gennick
Technical Reviewer: Bernhard Cock Buning and Sandesh Rao
Editorial Board: Clay Andres, Steve Anglin, Mark Beckner, Ewan Buckingham, Gary Cornell,
Jonathan Gennick, Jonathan Hassell, Michelle Lowman, Matthew Moodie, Duncan Parkes,
Jeffrey Pepper, Frank Pohlmann, Douglas Pundick, Ben Renow-Clarke, Dominic Shakeshaft,
Matt Wade, Tom Welsh
Coordinating Editor: Anita Castro
Copy Editor: Patrick Meader and Mary Ann Fugate
Compositor: Bytheway Publishing Services
Indexer: BIM Indexing & Proofreading Services
Artist: April Milne
Cover Designer: Anna Ishchenko
Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer Science+Business Media, LLC., 233 Spring Street,
6th Floor, New York, NY 10013. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax [phone], e-mail orders-ny@springer-
sbm.com, or visit www.springeronline.com.
For information on translations, please e-mail [e-mail], or visit www.apress.com.
Apress and friends of ED books may be purchased in bulk for academic, corporate, or promotional use.
eBook versions and licenses are also available for most titles. For more information, reference our
Special Bulk Sales–eBook Licensing web page at www.apress.com/info/bulksales.
The information in this book is distributed on an “as is” basis, without warranty. Although every
precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author(s) nor Apress shall have
any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused
directly or indirectly by the information contained in this work.
 CONTENTS AT A GLANCE
Contents at a Glance
 About the Author..................................................................................................xxi
 About the Technical Reviewer............................................................................xxii
 Acknowledgments.............................................................................................xxiii
 Chapter 1: Introduction...........................................................................................1
 Chapter 2: RAC Concepts......................................................................................27
 Chapter 3: RAC Architecture.................................................................................63
 Chapter 4: Hardware.............................................................................................97
 Chapter 5: Virtualization.....................................................................................165
 Chapter 6: Linux Installation and Configuration.................................................231
 Chapter 7: Grid Infrastructure Installation.........................................................323
 Chapter 8: Clusterware.......................................................................................379
 Chapter 9: Automatic Storage Management.......................................................455
 Chapter 10: RDBMS Installation and Configuration............................................505
 Chapter 11: Workload Management...................................................................559
 Chapter 12: Oracle Performance Monitoring......................................................607
 Chapter 13: Linux Performance Monitoring........................................................653
 Chapter 14: Parallel Execution ...........................................................................687
 Chapter 15: Upgrading to Oracle 11g Release 2.................................................717
 Index...................................................................................................................771
iii
 CONTENTS
Contents
 About the Authors................................................................................................xxi
 About the Technical Reviewers..........................................................................xxii
 Acknowledgments.............................................................................................xxiii
 Chapter 1: Introduction...........................................................................................1
Introducing Oracle Real Application Clusters....................................................................1
Examining the RAC Architecture........................................................................................3
Deploying RAC...................................................................................................................4
Maintaining High Availability....................................................................................................................5
Defining Scalability...................................................................................................................................6
Scaling Vertically vs. Horizontally.............................................................................................................7
Increasing Manageability.........................................................................................................................8
Assessing the Cost of Ownership...........................................................................................................10
Clustering with Oracle on Linux.......................................................................................13
Running Linux on Oracle..................................................................................................16
Understanding the Role of Unix..............................................................................................................16
Liberating Software................................................................................................................................17
Developing Linux....................................................................................................................................18
Expanding the Concept of Free with Open Source.................................................................................19
Combining Oracle, Open Source, and Linux....................................................................20
Drilling Down on Unbreakable Linux......................................................................................................21
Creating and Growing Red Hat Enterprise Linux....................................................................................22
Extending Red Hat with Oracle Enterprise Linux....................................................................................23
Drilling Down on SuSE Linux Enterprise Server.....................................................................................24
iv
 CONTENTS
Taking Linux to Asia...............................................................................................................................25
Summary.........................................................................................................................25
 Chapter 2: RAC Concepts......................................................................................27
Clustering Concepts.........................................................................................................27
Configuring Active/active Clusters.........................................................................................................27
Implementing Active/passive Clusters...................................................................................................28
Configuring a Shared-All Architecture....................................................................................................28
Configuring a Shared-Nothing Architecture...........................................................................................29
Exploring the Main RAC Concepts...................................................................................29
Working with Cluster Nodes...................................................................................................................29
Leveraging the Interconnect...................................................................................................................30
Clusterware/Grid Infrastructure..............................................................................................................31
Leveraging Automatic Storage Management.........................................................................................39
Installing Real Application Clusters........................................................................................................44
Using the Global Resource Directory (GRD)............................................................................................49
Transferring Data Between Instances with Cache Fusion......................................................................51
Achieving Read Consistency...................................................................................................................52
Synchronizing System Change Numbers...............................................................................................52
Exploring the New Features of 11g Release 2.................................................................52
Leveraging Grid Plug and Play................................................................................................................53
Modeling Resources with Server Pools..................................................................................................55
Ensuring POSIX Compliance with ACFS..................................................................................................56
Using Oracle Restart Instead of RAC......................................................................................................57
Simplifying Clusterd Database Access with SCAN Listener...................................................................59
Summary.........................................................................................................................60
 Chapter 3: RAC Architecture.................................................................................63
Availability Considerations...............................................................................................63
Deciding the Number of Nodes...............................................................................................................65
v
 CONTENTS
Online Maintenance and Patching..........................................................................................................67
Instance Recovery in RAC.......................................................................................................................72
Failover Considerations...................................................................................................74
Transparent Application Failover............................................................................................................75
Fast Connection Failover and Fast Application Notification...................................................................76
Scalability Considerations...............................................................................................77
Scalability Enhancers.............................................................................................................................78
Scalability Inhibitors...............................................................................................................................79
Standby Databases..........................................................................................................81
Introduction to Oracle Standby Databases.............................................................................................82
Types of Standby Database....................................................................................................................83
Active Data Guard...................................................................................................................................85
Extended Distance Clusters....................................................................................................................90
Oracle Streams................................................................................................................91
Streams Processing................................................................................................................................92
Oracle Streams Prerequisites.................................................................................................................93
Cluster Topologies...........................................................................................................94
Summary.........................................................................................................................95
 Chapter 4: Hardware.............................................................................................97
Oracle Availability............................................................................................................98
Server Processor Architecture.........................................................................................99
x86 Processor Fundamentals.................................................................................................................99
Multicore Processors and Hyper-Threading.........................................................................................103
CPU Cache............................................................................................................................................106
CPU Power Management......................................................................................................................109
Virtualization.........................................................................................................................................111
Memory..........................................................................................................................112
Virtual Memory.....................................................................................................................................112
vi
 CONTENTS
Physical Memory..................................................................................................................................113
NUMA....................................................................................................................................................116
Memory Reliability................................................................................................................................125
Additional Platform Features.........................................................................................125
Onboard RAID Storage..........................................................................................................................126
Machine Check Architectures...............................................................................................................126
Remote Server Management and IPMI.................................................................................................127
Network Interconnect Technologies..............................................................................127
Server I/O..............................................................................................................................................128
Private Interconnect.............................................................................................................................131
Storage Technologies....................................................................................................136
RAC I/O Characteristics........................................................................................................................137
Hard Disk and Solid State Disk Drive Performance..............................................................................143
RAID......................................................................................................................................................147
Storage Protocols for Linux..................................................................................................................153
Summary.......................................................................................................................164
 Chapter 5: Virtualization.....................................................................................165
Virtualization Definition and Benefits.............................................................................165
Oracle VM......................................................................................................................168
Oracle VM Server Architecture.............................................................................................................168
Oracle VM Design.................................................................................................................................174
Oracle VM Server Installation........................................................................................178
Oracle VM Manager Installation.....................................................................................183
Oracle VM CLI Installation and Configuration................................................................186
Configuring Oracle VM...................................................................................................187
Network Configuration..........................................................................................................................187
Server Pool Configuration.....................................................................................................................192
Installing and Configuring Guests..................................................................................208
vii
 CONTENTS
Importing a Template...........................................................................................................................209
Creating a Guest from a Template........................................................................................................210
Accessing a Guest................................................................................................................................212
Configuring a Guest for RAC.................................................................................................................214
Managing Domains........................................................................................................216
Oracle VM Agent...................................................................................................................................216
Oracle VM Manager..............................................................................................................................218
Oracle VM Manager CLI........................................................................................................................220
The xm Command-Line Interface.........................................................................................................222
Summary.......................................................................................................................230
 Chapter 6: Linux Installation and Configuration.................................................231
Selecting the Right Linux Software...............................................................................231
Reviewing the Hardware Requirements........................................................................232
Drilling Down on Networking Requirements..................................................................233
Configuring a GNS or a Manual IP........................................................................................................233
Configuring DNS and DHCP..................................................................................................................236
Downloading the Linux Software...................................................................................243
Preparing for a Network Install......................................................................................243
Installing Oracle Enterprise Linux 5...............................................................................247
Starting the Installation........................................................................................................................247
Installation Media Check......................................................................................................................247
Anaconda Installation...........................................................................................................................247
Install or Upgrade.................................................................................................................................248
Disk Partitioning...................................................................................................................................248
Configuring the Boot Loader and Network...........................................................................................259
Selecting a Time Zone..........................................................................................................................260
Configuring the Root Password............................................................................................................261
Reviewing the Package Installation Defaults.......................................................................................261
viii