Fuzzy Logic for Embedded Systems Applications

312 Pages·2003·6.74 MB·English

FUZZY LOGIC
for Embedded Systems Applications
FUZZY LOGIC
for Embedded Systems Applications
by
Ahmad M. Ibrahim, Ph.D.
Senior Member, IEEE
AMSTERDAM (cid:127) BOSTON (cid:127) HEIDELBERG (cid:127) LONDON
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Contents
Preface................................................................................................xi
About the Author.............................................................................xv
What’s on the CD-ROM? .................................................................xvi
1. Embedded Systems: An Overview...............................................1
1.1 Definition and Examples ................................................................1
1.2 Further Features of Embedded Systems..........................................2
1.3 Design Metrics...............................................................................4
1.4 Implementation .............................................................................6
1.4.1 Processor Technologies.......................................................6
1.4.2 Integrated Circuit Technologies ..........................................7
1.4.3 Design Technologies.........................................................11
1.5 Fuzzy Logic and Embedded Systems.............................................12
Concluding Remarks.............................................................................13
Bibliography .........................................................................................14
Web Resources.....................................................................................16
2. Fuzzy Sets ....................................................................................23
2.1 Introduction.................................................................................23
2.2 Classical Sets................................................................................23
2.3 Set Operations.............................................................................25
2.4 Boolean Logic..............................................................................31
2.5 Basic Concepts of Fuzzy Sets........................................................31
2.6 Other Representations of Fuzzy Sets.............................................32
2.7 Determination of Membership Functions .....................................35
2.8 Fuzzy Sets Properties....................................................................35
2.9 Operations on Fuzzy Sets.............................................................37
v
Contents
2.9.1 Logic Operations..............................................................37
2.9.2 Algebraic Operations on Fuzzy Sets..................................42
3. Fuzzy Relations............................................................................53
3.1 Introduction.................................................................................53
3.2 Classical Relations........................................................................53
3.3 Classical Reasoning......................................................................58
3.4 Fundamentals of Fuzzy Relations..................................................59
3.5 Operations on Binary Fuzzy Relations...........................................59
3.6 Types of Fuzzy Relations...............................................................62
3.7 Fuzzy Reasoning ..........................................................................63
Concluding Remarks.............................................................................65
Bibliography .........................................................................................66
Web Resources.....................................................................................67
4. Embedded Fuzzy Applications ...................................................69
4.1 Introduction.................................................................................69
4.2 Conventional Control Systems .....................................................69
4.2.1 Description.......................................................................69
4.2.2 Analysis............................................................................71
4.2.3 Design .............................................................................72
4.2.4 PID Control ......................................................................72
4.3 Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) .........................................................73
4.3.1 Description.......................................................................73
4.3.2 Design .............................................................................74
4.3.3 Defuzzification.................................................................75
4.3.4 Analysis............................................................................78
4.4 Simplified Examples of Applications .............................................83
4.4.1 Washing machine ............................................................83
4.4.2 Vacuum cleaner ...............................................................89
Concluding Remarks.............................................................................89
Bibliography .........................................................................................90
Web Resources.....................................................................................93
vi
Contents
5. Critique of Fuzzy Logic ...............................................................99
5.1 Introduction.................................................................................99
5.2 Objectives of Fuzzy Logic..............................................................99
5.3 What’s in a Name?.....................................................................100
5.4 Fuzziness vs. Probability .............................................................101
5.5 Fuzzy Logic vs. Multiple-Valued Logic.........................................102
5.6 Philosophical Issues....................................................................103
5.7 Engineering Applications Issues .................................................105
Concluding Remarks...........................................................................107
Bibliography .......................................................................................108
6. Neural Networks .......................................................................111
6.1 Introduction...............................................................................111
6.2 Background ...............................................................................111
6.3 Learning ....................................................................................112
6.4 The Basic Neuron Model............................................................112
6.5 The Perceptron...........................................................................116
6.6 The Multilayer Perceptron ..........................................................118
6.7 Recurrent Network.....................................................................122
6.7.1 Hopfield Networks.........................................................122
6.7.2 Boltzmann Machine Networks .......................................124
6.8 Kohonen Self-Organizing Networks...........................................125
6.8.1 Background ...................................................................125
6.8.2 Description.....................................................................126
6.8.3 Determining the winning neuron...................................127
6.8.4 Learning algorithm.........................................................127
6.9 Adaptive Resonance Theory, ART...............................................128
6.9.1 Background ...................................................................128
6.9.2 ART................................................................................128
Concluding Remarks...........................................................................131
Bibliography .......................................................................................132
Web Resources...................................................................................134
vii
Contents
7. Hybrid Systems..........................................................................141
7.1 Introduction...............................................................................141
7.2 Fuzzy Neuron.............................................................................141
7.3 Multilayer FNN Architectures......................................................143
7.4 Fuzzy ART..................................................................................145
7.6 Fuzzy ARTMAP...........................................................................147
7.7 Neural Fuzzy Systems.................................................................148
Concluding Remarks...........................................................................151
Bibliography .......................................................................................152
Web Resources...................................................................................156
8. Hardware Implementations......................................................161
8.1 Introduction...............................................................................161
8.2 Digital Techniques......................................................................162
8.3 Analog Techniques.....................................................................164
8.3.1 Voltage mode ................................................................164
8.3.2 Current mode ................................................................167
8.3.3 Mixed Mode ..................................................................178
8.4 Fuzzy Analog Memory ...............................................................181
8.5 Neurons.....................................................................................182
Concluding Remarks...........................................................................185
Bibliography .......................................................................................186
Web Resources...................................................................................191
9. Software Tools...........................................................................205
9.1 Introduction...............................................................................205
9.2 Software Overview.....................................................................206
Quizzes............................................................................................241
Embedded Systems.............................................................................241
Fuzzy Sets & Relations.........................................................................242
Embedded Fuzzy Applications.............................................................244
Hybrid Systems ...................................................................................248
Hardware Realization..........................................................................249
viii
Contents
Genetic Algorithms.........................................................................251
1. Introduction...............................................................................251
2. Classified Annotated Web Bibliography .....................................255
2.1 Glossaries.......................................................................255
2.2 Introductions and Tutorials.............................................256
2.3 Research Papers .............................................................259
2.4 Interactive Demos ..........................................................259
2.5 Java Related Resources...................................................260
2.6 Matlab Related Resources ..............................................261
2.7 Other Languages Resources ...........................................261
2.8 Fuzzy Logic and Genetic Algorithms...............................262
Symbols and Acronyms..................................................................265
Circuit Symbols and MOSFETs........................................................269
Glossary...........................................................................................275
Index................................................................................................289
ix
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