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151 Pages·2016·2.82 MB·English
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Fuzzy Logic Control for Stand-alone Photovoltaic Energy Conversion System, and Innovation in Renewable Energy By Zainab Almukhtar A Thesis Submitted to Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Technology Entrepreneurship and Innovation June 29, 2016, Halifax, Nova Scotia Copyright Zainab Almukhtar, 2016 Approved: Dr. Adel Merabet Supervisor Division of Engineering Approved: Dr. Claudia De Fuentes Supervisory Committee Member Management Department, Sobey School of Business Approved: Dr. Rasheed Beguenane External Examiner ECE, Royal Military College Date: June 29th, 2016 Fuzzy Logic Control for Stand-alone Photovoltaic Energy Conversion System, and Innovation in Renewable Energy. by Zainab Almukhtar Abstract In this dissertation, simulation and hardware emulation was implemented to experiment the operation of a power regulation system for stand-alone PV system with DC loads using Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC). The system encompasses the functions of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) to bring the power to the maximum value, load power regulation and control of battery operation. An algorithm that tracks the maximum power, and the corresponding fuzzy logic controller were developed. An improved method for the battery operation regulation including a fuzzy logic controller was applied. Load voltage regulation was achieved by a modified cascaded PI controller. The power regulation system managed to stabilize the load power, proved fast MPPT tracking and regulation of the battery operation in the presence of fluctuations and fast input variations. The work included a study of the importance of university-industry collaboration to innovation in renewable energy. The current collaboration channels and the contribution of the current work was analysed through a questionnaire directed to the supervisor. . June 29th, 2016 Acknowledgement I would like to start by thanking my parents and brother. Without them, I wouldn’t have been able to achieve many of my goals. Many thanks to my husband and my wonderful daughter and son for their encouragement and patience throughout the research work. I would like to express my appreciation to my supervisor Dr. Adel Merabet for his continuous directions, useful comments, and guidance in all the stages of this thesis. Many thanks to Dr. Claudia De Fuentes for the very beneficial directions and for taking the time to read the work and give me very useful feedback. I sincerely thank Saint Mary’s University and the Master of Technology Entrepreneurship and Innovation department for their support. Special thanks to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research for their help and readiness to answer my questions and inquiries. Last but not least I thank all the people and friends that helped, and supported me during this work. June 29th, 2016 Table of Contents Chapter 1 ........................................................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Problem Definition ............................................................................................... 6 1.2 Objective .............................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................... 8 2 Stand- alone PV systems with Battery Storage ...................................................... 8 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 8 2.2 PV Module ................................................................................................................ 8 2.2.1 PV systems ......................................................................................................... 8 2.2.2 PV Modelling ................................................................................................... 11 2.3 Energy Storage System ........................................................................................... 17 2.3.1 MPPT Techniques ............................................................................................ 17 2.3.2 DC-DC Converters ........................................................................................... 26 2.3.3 Storage Devices ................................................................................................ 28 2.3.4 Power Regulation System ................................................................................ 30 2.4 Applications ............................................................................................................ 33 2.4.1 Solar Cell Technologies ................................................................................... 33 2.4.2 Development of Solar Systems ........................................................................ 35 2.4.3 Obstacles and Potentials in the use of Solar Energy ........................................ 37 2.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 42 Chapter 3 ......................................................................................................................... 44 3 Fuzzy Control System ............................................................................................. 44 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 44 3.2 Fuzzy Control Theory ............................................................................................. 45 3.2.1 Fuzzy Logic ...................................................................................................... 45 3.2.2 The Structure of the Fuzzy Controller .............................................................. 53 3.2.3 Applications of Fuzzy Control Systems ........................................................... 55 3.3 MPPT Control (Based on FLC) .............................................................................. 58 3.4 Battery Regulator (Based on FLC).......................................................................... 66 3.5 Load Side Control .............................................................................................. 73 3.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 75 Chapter 4 ......................................................................................................................... 76 4 Experimentation and Results ................................................................................. 76 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 76 4.2 Real Time Control Hardware .................................................................................. 76 4.3 Real Control Software (RT-Lab)............................................................................. 80 4.4 Experimental PV System with Battery Storage. ................................................ 82 4.5 Experimental Results............................................................................................... 85 4.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 98 Chapter 5 ......................................................................................................................... 99 5 Innovation and Technology Transfer .................................................................... 99 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 99 5. 2 The Classical Understanding of Research ............................................................ 100 5.3 The New Understanding of Basic and Applied Research ..................................... 102 5.4 University-Industry Interaction ............................................................................. 105 5.5 Potential in University-Industry Collaboration. .................................................... 110 5.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 115 Chapter 6 ....................................................................................................................... 116 6 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 116 6.1 Suggestions for Future Work ................................................................................ 118 References ...................................................................................................................... 120 Appendix A .................................................................................................................... 139 Acronyms and Abbreviations ...................................................................................... 139 Appendix B .................................................................................................................... 141 Specifications of the Hardware Parts .......................................................................... 141 List of Figures Figure 1 2014 Energy consumption percentages [4]. .........................................................2 Figure 2. 2013 Energy use for electricity generation [4]. ....................................................3 Figure 3 Solar cell, module and array [15] . ......................................................................10 Figure 4 Equivalent circuit of a PV panel [16] ..................................................................11 Figure 5 Current- voltage curve of a PV panel [18] .........................................................12 Figure 6 Voltage-current characteristics of a PV panel in different light intensities [18]. 13 Figure 7 Voltage Current characteristics of a PV panel in different temperatures [18] ....13 Figure 8 The Effect of incident angle on the PV power [22].............................................15 Figure 9. The Cosine Effect [23]. ......................................................................................16 Figure 10 Variation of solar power with sun intensity [20]. ..............................................17 Figure 11 Power voltage-current characteristics of a PV Panel [24]. ...............................17 Figure 12 Power -voltage characteristics of PV at different light intensities [24] .............18 Figure 13 Perturb and Observe method ............................................................................21 Figure 14 The fill factor .....................................................................................................25 Figure 15 Boost converter .................................................................................................27 Figure 16. Buck-boost converter configuration. ...............................................................28 Figure 17 Power Regulation in PV systems. .....................................................................32 Figure 18 Basic structure of a solar cell [15]. ...................................................................33 Figure 19 Main parts of home solar system from Alternative Energy Tutorials [84] ......39 Figure 20 The distribution and the capacity of solar resources in Canada [77]. ...............41 Figure 21. Fuzzy membership functions. ...........................................................................47 Figure 22. The structure of a fuzzy control system [7]. .....................................................53 Figure 23 The centre of area defuzzification method [129] ..............................................54 Figure 24. The configuration of a Neural network ............................................................57 Figure 25 MPPT controller configuration ..........................................................................60 Figure 26.Flow chart of control algorithm .........................................................................61 Figure 27. FLC functions for MPPT .................................................................................63 Figure 28 Fuzzy output membership function for MPPT. ................................................64 Figure 29. Units of the battery control. ..............................................................................68 Figure 30 Flow chart of the battery operation ...................................................................69 Figure 31 FLC PID Controller ...........................................................................................70 Figure 32 Fuzzy input membership functions for the battery operation control. .............71 Figure 33 Fuzzy output membership function for the battery operation control. ..............72 Figure 34 Load voltage control .........................................................................................74 Figure 35. Real time system for the HIL stand-alone photovoltaic energy conversion system. .......................................................................................................................77 Figure 36 Opal RT interface panel.....................................................................................78 Figure 37 OPAL-RT Signal Conditioning Module Interface (OP8660). ..........................79 Figure 38. subsystem for OPAL RT LAB .........................................................................82 Figure 39 Hardware configuration of the power control system. ......................................83 Figure 40 Schematic of the power control system .............................................................84 Figure 41 Voltage response in the PV energy system. (a) PV module voltage; (b) Load voltage; (c) Battery voltage; (d) MPPT Voltage, reading1 .......................................89 Figure 42 Current response in the PV energy system. (a) PV module current; (b) Battery current; (c) Load current, reading 1 ...........................................................................90 Figure 43 Power at different locations in the PV energy system, reading 1 ......................91 Figure 44 Current at different locations in the PV energy system, reading 1 ....................91 Figure 45 Voltage response in the PV energy system. (a) PV module voltage; (b) Load voltage; (c) Battery voltage; (d) MPPT Voltage, reading 2. ......................................92 Figure 46 Current response in the PV energy system. (a) PV module current; (b) Battery current; (c) Load current, reading 2 ...........................................................................93 Figure 47 Power at different locations in the PV energy system, reading 2. .....................94 Figure 48 Power at different locations in the PV energy system, reading 2 ......................94 Figure 49 Voltage response in the PV energy system. (a) PV module voltage; (b) Load voltage; (c) Battery voltage; (d) MPPT Voltage, reading 3 ......................................95 Figure 50 Current response in the PV energy system. (a) PV module current; (b) Battery current; (c) Load current, reading 3 ...........................................................................96 Figure 51 current at different locations in the PV energy system, reading 3 .....................97 Figure 52 Power at different locations in the PV energy system, reading 3 ......................97 Figure 53. Pasteur’s Quadrant [173] ................................................................................104 List of Tables Table 1. MPPT FLC rules ................................................................................................. 65 Table 2 Fuzzy rule base for the battery control ............................................................... 72 Nomenclature Solar Photovoltaic Cell A Diode ideality factor I Load current I Current at maximum power point mp In Light intensity IPH Photocurrent I Diode reverse saturation current RS Is Diode saturation current I Short circuit current c S K Boltzmann’s constant h Rate of switching n Number of cells in parallel p n Number of cells in series s P Cell generated power in neutral temperature 0 P Cell generated power Pmax Maximum PB power PV Photovoltaic q Electron charge R Series resistance S T Cell temperature i T Reference temperature r V Cell terminal voltage V Voltage at maxim power point mp V Open circuit voltage OC ii

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Fuzzy Logic Control for Stand-alone Photovoltaic Energy Conversion. System, and Innovation in Renewable Energy. By. Zainab Almukhtar 2.1 Introduction. PV systems can either be connected to the grid, or isolated. In this chapter, the structure and simulation of a PV solar panel is introduced.
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