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Springer Optimization and Its Applications 102 Stamatina Th. Rassia Panos M. Pardalos Editors Future City Architecture for Optimal Living Springer Optimization and Its Applications VOLUME102 ManagingEditor PanosM.Pardalos(UniversityofFlorida) Editor–CombinatorialOptimization Ding-ZhuDu(UniversityofTexasatDallas) AdvisoryBoard J.Birge(UniversityofChicago) C.A.Floudas(PrincetonUniversity) F.Giannessi(UniversityofPisa) H.D.Sherali(VirginiaPolytechnicandStateUniversity) T.Terlaky(McMasterUniversity) Y.Ye(StanfordUniversity) AimsandScope Optimization has been expanding in all directions at an astonishing rate during the last few decades. New algorithmic and theoretical techniques havebeendeveloped,thediffusionintootherdisciplineshasproceededata rapidpace,andourknowledgeofallaspectsofthefieldhasgrownevenmore profound.Atthe sametime, oneofthe moststriking trendsin optimization is the constantly increasing emphasis on the interdisciplinary nature of the field.Optimizationhasbeenabasictoolinallareasofappliedmathematics, engineering,medicine,economics,andothersciences. The series Springer Optimization and Its Applications publishes under- graduate and graduate textbooks, monographs and state-of-the-art exposi- tory work that focus on algorithms for solving optimization problems and alsostudyapplicationsinvolvingsuchproblems.Someofthetopicscovered include nonlinear optimization (convex and nonconvex), network flow problems, stochastic optimization, optimal control, discrete optimization, multi-objectiveprogramming,descriptionofsoftwarepackages,approxima- tiontechniquesandheuristicapproaches. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/7393 Stamatina Th. Rassia • Panos M. Pardalos Editors Future City Architecture for Optimal Living 123 Editors StamatinaTh.Rassia PanosM.Pardalos Singapore-ETHCentreforGlobal CenterforAppliedOptimization EnvironmentalSustainability DepartmentofIndustrial FutureCitiesLaboratory andSystemsEngineering Singapore UniversityofFlorida Gainesville,FL,USA LaboratoryofAlgorithmsandTechnologies forNetworksAnalysis(LATNA) NationalResearchUniversity HigherSchoolofEconomics Moscow,Russia ISSN1931-6828 ISSN1931-6836 (electronic) SpringerOptimizationandItsApplications ISBN978-3-319-15029-1 ISBN978-3-319-15030-7 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-15030-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015933507 MathematicsSubjectClassification(2010):00A67,90C90 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerInternational PublishingAGSwitzerlandispartofSpringerScience+Business Media(www. springer.com) Preface Future City Architecture for Optimal Living presents a unique interdisciplinary combination of architecture, engineering, physics, and related fields in strategic planning,thinking,anddesigningfuturecitiesaslivableurbanizedenvironments. Cities in the words of Geoffrey West are “the crucible of civilization.” In our belief,citiesandtheirdevelopmentcanprovideanimpactonfuturewaysoflivingas theycantransformourlifestylesthroughawidenetworkofattributes.Bycombining togetheravarietyofdisciplines,thisbookpresentsnewideasandresearchpractices on a variety of topics related to architecture and interdisciplinary mathematical thinking, network design, smart city development, as well as related theories for thefuture. The chapters composing this book are written by eminent researchers and practitioners who offer expert opinions and hands-on international approaches to shapingfuturecities.Together,expertsfromtheUnitedKingdom,Portugal,France, Italy,Switzerland,Netherlands,Greece,USA,Canada,Singapore,andHongKong presenttheirwork,experience,andnewideas.Newquestionsarepresented,suchas whethercitiescanreallybelivableandhowonecanbuildsustainablesystemsand resilientcitiestoclimatechanges.Thisbookoffersaforumofnovelideasthatare presentedinaunifiedmanner. We would like to express our special thanks to all the authors of the chapters contributed in this book. Last but not least, we wish to acknowledge the superb assistance that the staff of Springer has provided during the preparation of this publication. Singapore StamatinaTh.Rassia Gainesville,FL,USA PanosM.Pardalos v Contents IfRobotsConquerAirspace:TheArchitectureofTheVerticalCity ....... 1 JanWillmann,FabioGramazio,andMatthiasKohler SmartCitiesinaSmartWorld ................................................. 13 BeniaminoMurganteandGiuseppeBorruso UnderstandingtheContext ..................................................... 37 RobinNicholson ArchitecturalMithridatism?.................................................... 57 ClementBlanchet CanDenseCitiesReallyBeLiveable? ......................................... 81 LiminHee TheHeatIson,NowWeMustAct............................................. 105 WilliamS.W.Lim HolisticApproachtoShapeFutureCities..................................... 117 RickyTsui,Shu-WeiWu,andAnitaSiu BuildingResilientCitiestoClimateChange.................................. 141 MatheosSantamourisandConstantinosCartalis EvaluationandReliabilityofShapeGrammarsforUrban PlanningandNetworkDesign.................................................. 161 BasilJ.VitinsandKayW.Axhausen Using Policy Instruments to Drive Optimal Living andSustainableConsumptionintheBuiltandNaturalEnvironment..... 183 T.Ibn-Mohammed, A.Acquaye, R.Greenough, S.Taylor, andL.Ozawa-Meida HiddenSurfaceEffects:RadiantTemperatureasanUrban andArchitecturalComfortCulprit ............................................ 201 ForrestMeggers vii viii Contents WeatherDataandSolarOrientations......................................... 221 MojtabaSamimi AnalysisandClassificationofPublic SpacesUsing Convex andSolid-VoidModels........................................................... 241 JoséNunoBeirão,AndréChaszar,andLjiljanaCˇavic´ Contributors AdolfAcquaye KentBusinessSchool,UniversityofKent,Canterbury,Kent,UK Kay W. Axhausen ETH Zurich, Institute for Transport Planning and Systems, Zurich,Switzerland Giuseppe Borruso Department of Geographical and Historical Sciences, UniversityofTrieste,Trieste,Italy JoséNunoBeirão FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofLisbon,Lisbon,Portugal ClementBlanchet ClementBlanchetArchitecture,Paris,France Constantinos Cartalis Department of Environmental Physics and Meteorology, NationalandKapodistrianUniversityofAthens,Athens,Greece LjiljanaCˇavic´ FacultyofArchitecture,UniversityofLisbon,Lisbon,Portugal AndréChaszar O-DesignResearchandConsulting,NewYork,NY,USA DepartmentofArchitecture,DelftUniversityofTechnology,Delft,Netherlands FabioGramazio ETHZurich,Zurich,Switzerland Rick Greenough Institute of Energyand Sustainable Development,De Montfort University,Leicester,UK LiminHee CentreforLiveableCities,Singapore,Singapore Taofeeq Ibn-Mohammed Institute of Energy and Sustainable Development, De MontfortUniversity,Leicester,UK MatthiasKohler ETHZurich,Zurich,Switzerland WilliamS.W.Lim DistinguishedArchitect,Singapore,Singapore ForrestMeggers SchoolofArchitectureandtheAndlingerCenterforEnergyand theEnvironment,PrincetonUniversity,Princeton,NJ,USA ix