Fungi as Bioremediators PDF
Preview Fungi as Bioremediators
Soil Biology Volume 32 Series Editor Ajit Varma, Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, India For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5138 . Ebrahim Mohammadi Goltapeh (cid:129) Younes Rezaee Danesh (cid:129) Ajit Varma Editors Fungi as Bioremediators Editors EbrahimMohammadiGoltapeh YounesRezaeeDanesh CollegeofAgriculture,Dept.ofPlant FacultyofAgriculture,DepPlantProtection Pathology UrmiaUniversity TarbiatModaresUniversity Urmia,Iran Tehran,Iran AjitVarma AmityInstituteofMicrobialTechnology AmityUniversityUttarPradesh Noida,UttarPradesh India ISSN1613-3382 ISBN978-3-642-33810-6 ISBN978-3-642-33811-3(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-642-33811-3 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013930138 #Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Sinceearliestrecordedtimes,humanshavemanipulatedtheirsurroundingsinorder toextractandexploitresources.Inthemodernera,resourceextraction,processing, and utilization have increased tremendously. Several kinds of waste materials are produced, in which most of them are now classified as hazardous. While the side effects of industrial development increased, nations are also experiencing soil, groundwater, as well as surface water contamination. Many of the contaminants haveanimmediatethreattopublichealthandenvironment.Unfortunately,thereis nostandardinstructionthatcouldbeappliedinremediationofacontaminatedsite, becauseeachsitehasitsowndistinctfeature,whichwillvaryintermsoftoxicity, volatility,mobility,andsoon. Regardingtotheseconsiderations,contaminants’behaviorshouldbedetermined in order to removing them efficiently with minimum damage to the site. The purposeofsoilremediationisnotonlytoenhancethedegradation,transformation, ordetoxificationofpollutantsbutalsotoprotectthequalityandcapacityofthesoil tofunctionwithinecosystemboundaries,tomaintainenvironmentalquality,andto sustain biological productivity. It is difficult to evaluate this market with any specificity, but the international market for remediation is estimated to be around US$25–30billion.Itischallengingtoestablishsuchestimates,asmanycountries havenotundertakencomprehensiveidentificationofcontaminatedsites.TheUSA, Canada, Western Europe, Japan, and Australia are considered to be the dominant international markets for remediation, with an established presence of a large numberofenvironmentalcompanies,products,andservices.Emergingeconomies of some more developed Asian, Eastern European, and Latin American countries willrepresentsignificantmedium-termremedialmarketopportunities. Thereareseveraldifferentremediationstrategiesusedaroundtheworldtotreatsoil contaminated with toxic metals and/or organic chemicals. Three widely used strategiesare(1)immobilizationorretentionoftoxicantswithinaconfinedarea,(2) removal of contaminants from the soil, (3) destruction of organic pollutants by chemical, physical, or biological means. These strategies either individually or in combination with each other have been routinely implemented by the remediation industrytosuccessfullytreatcontaminatedsoil.Biologicalremediationtechnologies v vi Preface requireknowledgeofinterdisciplinarysciences,involvingmicrobiology,chemistry, hydrogeology,engineering,soilandplantsciences,geology,andecology.Biological processesaretypicallyimplementedatarelativelylowcost,andbiologicalremedia- tion methods have been successfully used to treat polluted soils, oily sludges, and groundwatercontaminatedbypetroleumhydrocarbons,solvents,pesticides,andother chemicals. Bioremediation started over 50 years ago with research examining the fate of pesticides in agricultural soils. Scientists began to use fungi and bacteria for the degradation of xenobiotic organic compounds toward the middle of the twentieth century. The use of bacteria showed fast and promising results, but research on evaluatingfungihaslaggedbehind.Thisdoesnotmeanthatfungiarenotsuitable organisms or that they function less satisfactorily than bacteria in degrading such compounds.Theparticipationoffungiinbioremediationisnowwellestablishedin all ecosystems. Mycoremediation is one of the most complex areas in applied remediationengineering.Duringthepasttwodecades,manyfungalscientistsand engineershavewantedtotryusingfungiinthedegradationoforganiccompounds, andforthosewhodidtryusingthem,goodresultswereobtained.Thediscoveryof thevalueofwhite-rotfungiinbioremediationhasbroughtgreatersuccessandhas thus stimulated research throughout the world. A new era in the use of fungal technologiesforthedegradationoforganiccompoundshasbegun.Thus,theneed hasarisenforabookthatdiscussestheuniqueroleoffungiinbioremediation. Theprimeobjectiveofthisbookistohighlightthepotentialoffilamentousfungi in bioremediation and to discuss the physiology, chemistry, and biochemistry of organicandinorganicpollutanttransformations.Thechaptersarewrittenbylead- ing international authorities in their fields and represent the latest and most com- plete synthesis of this subject area. The state of the science described here represents pioneer work that focuses on the new and exciting field of mycoremediation. The bookcontains elements fromall scientific andengineering disciplines known globally and lays a strong foundation in the subject that will serve to connect knowledge developed in both the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The book is encyclopedic in scope and presents various types of fungi and the associated fungal processes used to clean up wastes and wastewaters in contaminatedenvironments.Thebookcoversaspectsrelatedtodegradativefungi, biochemistry, enzymology, reactor engineering, genetic engineering, ecology of biodegradation, and practical applications. The knowledge flows broadly from fundamentaltopracticalaspects,makingitusefultolearnandapplybioremediation holistically. The book not only contains an interwoven synthesis and historical perspective of the technology but also provides “slow-release nutrition” for inventions and new frontiers for future research. The latest advances in genetic engineering and molecular biotechnologies that will be useful for the creation of suitable fungi capable of faster detoxification of these compounds are also described. Thebookisintendedtoreachawideaudience,includingmanagersandleaders in research and the practice of mycoremediation, and should be very useful as a reference tool for practicing engineers, scientists, waste site managers, and Preface vii regulatoryexperts.Itwillalsoprovideusefulinformationforexpertsinalliedfields, suchasbotany,mycology,geology,ecology,fungalbiochemistry,genetics,enzy- mology, metabolic engineering, environmental microbiology, and biotechnology. Thisshouldbealeadingsourceforgraduateandundergraduatestudentsinterested in understanding the capacities and processes of fungal biodegradation. Graduate students can conduct experiments or research in the laboratory or apply fungi in bioremediation at contaminated sites without seeking special guidance. The work willalsoserveasahandbookforthecreation ofnewdesignsandcomponentsfor mycoremediationprocesses. The book will stimulate thought and greater research in the wider context of mycoremediation processes in the coming decades. Hazardous wastes and wastewaters constitute aproblem ofmodern civilization thatwillnotgo away for centuries. New wastes and wastewaters are being generated every year with our growingindustrialization.Adaywillcomewhenfungiwillplayagreaterroleinthe transformation and detoxification of hazardous wastes and wastewaters than at present. Experts in the area of environmental microbiology, biotechnology, and biore- mediation,fromdiverseinstitutionsworldwide,havecontributedtothisbook.We wouldliketoexpressoursincereappreciationtoeachcontributorforhis/herwork and for their patience and attention to detail during the entire production process. We sincerely hope these eminent contributors will encourage us in the future as well,inthegreatestinterestofacademia. The editors would like to thank Dr. Ashok K Chauhan (Founder President, Ritnand Balved Education Foundation), Sri Atul Chauhan (Chancellor, Amity UniversityUttarPradesh),andSriAseemChauhan(Chancellor,AmityUniversity Rajasthan) for their encouragement and inspiration. We are extremely grateful to the staff members of Springer Heidelberg, especially Hanna Hensler-Fritton andJutta Lindenborn,fortheircontinuedinterest,criticalevaluation,constructive criticism, and support. We wish to acknowledge the help and support given to us by our faculty colleagues, family members, and friends for their constant encour- agement.SpecialthanksareduetoourPh.D.studentMs.RuchikaBajajfordayto daymonitoringtheprogressofthebookandwillinghelpingme. Tehran,Iran EbrahimM.Goltapeh Urmia,Iran YounesR.Danesh Noida,UttarPradesh,India AjitVarma . Contents PartI EcophysiologyofFungalBioremediation 1 AnIntroductiontoBioremediation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 BabakPakdamanSardrood,EbrahimMohammadiGoltapeh, andAjitVarma 2 TheBioremediationPotentialofDifferentEcophysiological GroupsofFungi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 AntonellaAnastasi,ValeriaTigini,andGiovannaCristinaVarese 3 FungalWoodDecayProcessesasaBasisforBioremediation. . . . . 51 BarbaraPisˇkur,MihaHumar,AjdaUlcˇnik,DusˇanJurc, andFrancPohleven PartII ApplicationofMycoremediationAgainstOrganicPollutants 4 MycoremediationofPaper,PulpandCardboardIndustrial WastesandPollutants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 ShwetaKulshreshtha,NupurMathur,andPradeepBhatnagar 5 DegradationofPetroleumPollutantMaterialsbyFungi. . . . . . . .. 117 EriHaraandHirooUchiyama 6 BioremediationofOrganicPollutantsUsingPhanerochaete chrysosporium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 M.H.Fulekar,BhawanaPathak,JyotiFulekar,andTanviGodambe 7 BioremediationofPAH-ContaminatedSoilbyFungi. . . . . . . . . . . 159 IrmaSusanaMorelli,MarioCarlosNazarenoSaparrat,Mar´ıaTeresaDel Panno,BibianaMarinaCoppotelli,andAnge´licaArrambari ix x Contents 8 SequentialSoilVaporExtractionandBioremediationProcesses AppliedtoBTEX-ContaminatedSoils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 181 Anto´nioAlvesSoares,Jose´ Toma´sAlbergaria,ValentinaF.Domingues, PaoloDeMarco,andCristinaDelerue-Matos 9 BiologicalRemediationofPetroleumHydrocarbonsinSoil: SuitabilityofDifferentTechnologiesAppliedinMesocosm andMicrocosmTrials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 M.Nazare´ F.Couto,M.ClaraP.Basto,andM.TeresaS.D.Vasconcelos 10 PesticidesRemovalUsingActinomycetesandPlants. . . . . . . . . . . 227 Anal´ıaAlvarez,Mar´ıaS.Fuentes,ClaudiaS.Benimeli, SergioA.Cuozzo,JulianaM.Saez,andMar´ıaJ.Amoroso PartIII MycoremediationofInorganicPollutants 11 MycoremediationofHeavyMetals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 YounesRezaeeDanesh,MehdiTajbakhsh,EbrahimMohammadi Goltapeh,andAjitVarma 12 MycorrhizaeAdsorbandBioaccumulateHeavyandRadioactive Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 HassanZare-Maivan PartIV Mycoremediation:AgriculturalandForestEcosystem Sustainability 13 UpscalingtheBiogeochemicalRoleofArbuscularMycorrhizal FungiinMetalMobility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 A.Neagoe,VirgilIordache,andErikaKothe 14 FungiandTheirRoleinPhytoremediationofHeavy Metal-ContaminatedSoils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 MozhganSepehri,HabibKhodaverdiloo,andMehdiZarei 15 SustainableAgricultureinSaline-AridandSemiaridbyUse PotentialofAMFungionMitigatesNaClEffects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 MohammadJavadZarea,EbrahimMohammadiGoltapeh, NasrinKarimi,andAjitVarma 16 White-RotFungiinBioremediation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 SafiyeElifKorcan,I˙brahimHakkıCig˘erci,andMuhsinKonuk PartV TechniquesinMycoremediation 17 EffectofMobilisingAgentsonMycoremediationofSoils ContaminatedbyHydrophobicPersistentPollutants. . . . . . . . . . . 393 AlessandroD’Annibale,ErmannoFederici,andMaurizioPetruccioli
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