Fungi As Biocontrol Agents: Progress Problems and Potential PDF
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FUNGI AS BIOCONTROL AGENTS Progress, Problems and Potential F B UNGI AS IOCONTROL A GENTS Progress, Problems and Potential Edited by T.M. Butt School of Biological Sciences University of Wales Swansea Swansea UK C. Jackson School of Biological Sciences University of Southampton Southampton UK N. Magan Applied Mycology Group Cranfield Biotechnology Centre Cranfield University Bedford UK CABI Publishing CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CAB International CAB International 198 Madison Avenue Wallingford New York NY 10016–4341 Oxon OX10 8DE USA UK Tel: +44 (0) 1491 832111 Tel: +1 212 626 6490 Fax: +44 (0) 1491 833508 Fax: +1 212 686 7993 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Web site: www.cabi.org/publishing ©CAB International2001. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro- duced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, record- ing or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fungi as biocontrol agents: progress problems and potential / edited by T.M. Butt, C. Jackson, N. Magan. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-85199-356-7 (alk. paper) 1. Fungi as biological pest control agents. I. Butt, T.M. (Tariq M.) II. Jackson C. (Chris) III. Magan, N. (Naresh) SB976.F85 F86 2001 632’96––dc21 00-067511 ISBN 0 85199 356 7 Typeset by Wyvern 21 Ltd, Bristol Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn Contents Contributors vii Preface ix 1 Introduction – Fungal Biological Control Agents: Progress, Problems and Potential 1 T.M. Butt, C. Jackson and N. Magan 2 Commercial Use of Fungi as Plant Disease Biological Control Agents: Status and Prospects 9 J.M. Whipps and R.D. Lumsden 3 Use of Hyphomycetous Fungi for Managing Insect Pests 23 G.D. Inglis, M.S. Goettel, T.M. Butt and H. Strasser 4 Biology, Ecology and Pest Management Potential of Entomophthorales* 71 J.K. Pell, J. Eilenberg, A.E. Hajek and D.C. Steinkraus 5 Exploitation of the Nematophagous Fungus Verticillium chlamydosporium Goddard for the Biological Control of Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) 155 B.R. Kerry 6 Fungal Biocontrol Agents of Weeds 169 H.C. Evans, M.P. Greaves and A.K. Watson 7 Monitoring the Fate of Biocontrol Fungi 193 M.J. Bidochka *Colour versions of Figs 4.1–4.24 can be found preceding p. 71. v vi Contents 8 Prospects for Strain Improvement of Fungal Pathogens of Insects and Weeds 219 R. St Leger and S. Screen 9 Physiological Approaches to Improving the Ecological Fitness of Fungal Biocontrol Agents 239 N. Magan 10 Production, Stabilization and Formulation of Fungal Biocontrol Agents 253 S.P. Wraight, M.A. Jackson and S.L. de Kock 11 The Spray Application of Mycopesticide Formulations 289 R. Bateman and A. Chapple 12 Toxic Metabolites of Fungal Biocontrol Agents 311 A. Vey, R. Hoagland and T.M. Butt 13 Safety of Fungal Biocontrol Agents 347 M.S. Goettel, A.E. Hajek, J.P. Siegel and H.C. Evans 14 Fungal Biological Control Agents – Appraisal and Recommendations 377 T.M. Butt, C. Jackson and N. Magan Index 385 Contributors R. Bateman, CABI Bioscience, Biopesticide Programme, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7TA, UK. [email protected] M.J. Bidochka, Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St Catherines, Ontario, Canada L2S 3A1. [email protected] T.M. Butt, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK. [email protected] A. Chapple,Environmental Health Biology, Aventis GmbH, H872 Hoechst Industrie Park, Hoechst, Frankfurt D-65926, Germany. [email protected] J. Eilenberg, Department of Ecology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark. [email protected] H.C. Evans, CABI Bioscience, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL7 7TA, UK. [email protected] M.S. Goettel, Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, PO Box 3000, Lethbidge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada. [email protected] M.P. Greaves, IACR Long Ashton Research Station, Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bristol, Long Ashton BS42 9AF, UK A.E. Hajek, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Cornstock Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853–0901, USA. [email protected] R. Hoagland, Southern Weed Science Research Unit, Agriculture Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA. [email protected] G.D. Inglis,Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA. [email protected] C. Jackson,School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK. [email protected] M.A. Jackson, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604, USA. [email protected] B.R. Kerry, Entomology and Nematology Department, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK. [email protected] S.D. de Kock,Anchor Yeast, Cochrane Avenue, Epping Industria 7475, Cape Town, South Africa vii viii Contributors R.D. Lumsden, Biocontrol of Plant Diseases Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA. [email protected] N. Magan,Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Biotechnology Centre, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedford MK45 4DT, UK. N.magan@cranfield.ac.uk J.K. Pell, Plant and Invertebrate Ecology Division, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK. [email protected] R. St Leger, Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. [email protected] S. Screen,Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA J.P. Siegel, Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA/ARS, 2021 South Peach Avenue, Fresno, CA 93727, USA. [email protected] D.C. Steinkraus, Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, AGRI 321, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA. [email protected] H. Straßer, Institute of Microbiology, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [email protected] A. Vey, Station Recherches de Pathologie Comparée, INRA-CNRS, St Christol-les-Alès 30380, France. [email protected] A.K. Watson, Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada. [email protected] J.M. Whipps, Plant Pathology and Microbiology Department, Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK. [email protected] S.P. Wraight, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, US Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. [email protected] Preface The development of fungi for the biocontrol of pests, weeds and diseases has received a significant amount of interest in recent years. We have seen the progression of sci- entific wisdom from reports of potential biocontrol agents (BCAs) under optimized laboratory bioassay conditions (often a naïve and tenuous link) followed by disap- pointing field trials, to an advanced understanding of the important concepts required to produce a reliable and effective BCA. It is thus surprising that, while research directed to these major targets has a number of common goals, very little attention has previ- ously been given to the integration of research effort. Disciplines such as pathology, genetics, physiology, mass production, formulation and application strategies are essen- tial components in all three targets in making the necessary advances to enable fun- gal BCAs to become registered and commercialized. Our aim in organizing the International Symposia at the University of Southampton in 1998 and the University of Wales Swansea in 1999, from which this book emerged, was to attempt to bring together scientists, industry and government agencies involved in all aspects of fungal BCAs for the first time. We believe that these meetings were timely and highly successful. Together they attracted over 700 partici- pants from more than 36 countries to interact, identify common bottlenecks and sug- gest ways in which these can be overcome to enable progress to be achieved more rapidly. Common themes such as production, formulation and application technolo- gies, biosafety, risk assessment and registration requirements were all covered. This book has thus adopted a multidisciplinary approach to integrate the state- of-the-art knowledge in key areas of common interest in the development of fungal BCAs of pests, weeds and diseases. We hope that this will encourage further integra- tion and focus on common hurdles that need to be overcome to enable more fungal BCAs to be commercialized and registered. With the significant pressure from con- sumers and the growing organic market requirements for fungal BCAs, we hope that this book will be beneficial in stimulating the required advances for this to be achieved. This book is a timely attempt to link scientists from different and complemen- tary disciplines to achieve a unified synthesis. No equivalent has been published for 10 years; the last notable work was that of Whipps and Lumsden (1989, Biotechnology ix
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