Fundamentals of Wave Phenomena

401 Pages·2010·13.74 MB·English

by  Lonngren

Fundamentals of
Wave Phenomena
The Mario Boella Series on Electromagnetism in
Information & Communication
TheMarioBoellaseriesofferstextbooksandmonographsinallareasofradio
science, with a special emphasis on the applications of electromagnetism
to information and communication technologies. The series is scientifically
and financially sponsored by the Istituto Superiore Mario Boella affiliated
with the Politecnico di Torino, Italy, and is scientifically co-sponsored by
the International Union of Radio Science (URSI). It is named to honor the
memory of Professor Mario Boella of the Politecnico di Torino, who was a
pioneerinthedevelopmentofelectronicsandtelecommunicationsinItalyfor
halfacentury,andaVicePresidentofURSIfrom1966to1969.
FundamentalsofWavePhenomena,SecondEdition
AkiraHiroseandKarlE.Lonngren
Thisvolumeisthefirsttextbookproducedintheseries.Itisamuchexpanded
andrevisededitionoftheoriginalworkthatwaspublishedaquartercentury
ago. Written by two illustrious scientists with decades of teaching and re-
searchexperience,itprovidestheidealblueprintforauniversitycourseatthe
advancedundergraduateorfirst-yeargraduatelevels.Sincewavephenomena
are of great importance in all areas of pure and applied natural sciences and
engineering,thisinterdisciplinarytextbookshouldappealtostudentsinsuch
varied areas as physics, biomedical, electrical and mechanical engineering,
andappliedmathematics.
PiergiorgioL.E.Uslenghi–SeriesEditor
Chicago,March2010
Forthcoming Series Books
TheWiener-HopfMethodinElectromagnetism
byVitoG.DanieleandRodolfoS.Zich(2011)
TransmissionLinesforCommunicationandPower
byPiergiorgioL.E.Uslenghi(2011)
AdvancedHigher-orderMethodsforComputationalElectromagnetics
byRobertoD.Graglia(2011)
Fundamentals of
Wave Phenomena
Second Edition
Akira Hirose
UniversityofSaskatchewan
Karl E. Lonngren
UniversityofIowa
Raleigh,NC
scitechpub.com
PublishedbySciTechPublishing,Inc.
911PaverstoneDrive,SuiteB
Raleigh,NC27615
[phone],fax[phone]
scitechpublishing.com
Copyright©2010bySciTechPublishing,Raleigh,NC.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorby
anymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningorotherwise,exceptaspermitted
under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United Stated Copyright Act, without either the prior written
permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the
CopyrightClearanceCenter,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,[phone],fax(978)646-
8600,oronthewebatcopyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbeaddressedtothe
Publisher,SciTechPublishing,Inc.,911PaverstoneDrive,SuiteB,Raleigh,NC27615,[phone],
fax[phone],[e-mail].
Thepublisherandtheauthormakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcom-
pletenessofthecontentsofthisworkandspecificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithoutlimitation
warrantiesoffitnessforaparticularpurpose.
Editor:DudleyR.Kay
EditorialAssistant:KatieJanelle
ProductionManager:RobertLawless
Typesetting:MPSLimited,AMacmillanCompany
CoverDesign:BrentBeckley
Printer:SheridanBooks,Inc.,Chelsea,MI
Coverimage,FlamebyClarkLittleandusedbypermissionofClarkLittlePhotography.
Thisbookisavailableatspecialquantitydiscountstouseaspremiumsandsalespromotions,orforuse
incorporatetrainingprograms.Formoreinformationandquotes,pleasecontactthepublisher.
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
ISBN:978-1-891121-92-0
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Hirose,Akira,1941-
Fundamentalsofwavephenomena/AkiraHirose,KarlE.Lonngren.–2nded.
p.cm.–(TheMarioBoellaseriesonelectromagnetismininformation&communication)
Rev.ed.of:Introductiontowavephenomena.1985.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-891121-92-0(hardcover:alk.paper)1.Waves.2.Wave-motion,Theoryof.I.Lonngren,
KarlE.(KarlErik),1938-II.Hirose,Akira,1941-Introductiontowavephenomena.III.Title.
QC157.H562010
531’.1133–dc22 2010009089
Inhonorofourparents
Genji
Katsuyo
Bruno
Edith

Contents
Preface xi
Publisher’sAcknowledgements xv
Chapter1 ReviewofOscillations 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 MassSpringSystem 2
1.3 EnergyTossinginMechanicalOscillations 7
1.4 OtherMechanicalOscillationSystems 11
1.5 ElectromagneticOscillation 17
1.6 DampedOscillation 19
1.7 ForcedOscillation 22
1.8 Problems 24
Chapter2 WaveMotion 29
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 CreationofWavesonaString 30
2.3 Sinusoidal(Harmonic)Waves 33
2.4 WaveDifferentialEquation,PartialDifferentiation 37
2.5 NonsinusoidalWaves 42
2.6 PhaseandGroupVelocities,Dispersion 44
2.7 SuperpositionofTwoWaves,Beats 47
2.8 Problems 51
Chapter3 SomeMathematics 53
3.1 TaylorSeriesExpansion 53
3.2 ComplexNumbersandVariables 56
3.3 Problems 59
Chapter4 FundamentalsofMechanicalWaves 61
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 Mass-SpringTransmissionLine 62
4.3 DerivationofaWaveEquation 64
4.4 EnergyCarriedbyWaves 68
4.5 MomentumCarriedbyWaves 71
vii
viii Contents
4.6 TransverseWavesonaString 74
4.7 Problems 79
Chapter5 SoundWavesinSolids,Liquids,andGases 83
5.1 Introduction 83
5.2 SoundVelocityAlongaSolidRod 83
5.3 RigorousDerivationofVelocityofSoundinaSolidRod 87
5.4 SoundWavesinLiquids 90
5.5 SoundWavesinGases 93
5.6 IntensityofSoundWavesinGases 98
5.7 Problems 100
Chapter6 WaveReflectionandStandingWaves 103
6.1 Introduction 103
6.2 ReflectionataFixedBoundary,StandingWaves 103
6.3 ReflectionataFreeBoundary 108
6.4 TheoryofWaveReflection,MechanicalImpedance 112
6.5 Problems 119
Chapter7 SphericalWaves,WavesinaNonuniformMedia,
andMultidimensionalWaves 121
7.1 Introduction 121
7.2 ConservationofEnergyFlowasApplied
toSphericalWaves 122
7.3 NonuniformWaveMedium 125
7.4 MultidimensionalWaves 128
7.5 Problems 130
Chapter8 DopplerEffectofSoundWavesandShockWaves 133
8.1 Introduction 133
8.2 StationarySoundSourceandMovingObserver 134
8.3 MovingSoundSourceandStationaryObserver 137
8.4 GeneralExpressionforDoppler-ShiftedFrequency 139
8.5 ShockWaves 142
8.6 Problems 144
Chapter9 ElectromagneticWaves 145
9.1 Introduction 145
9.2 WaveEquationforanLCTransmissionLine 146
9.3 CoaxialCable 154
9.4 PoyntingVector 164
9.5 PlaneElectromagneticWavesinFreeSpace 167
Contents ix
9.6 ReflectionofElectromagneticWaves 172
9.7 ElectromagneticWavesinMatter 179
9.8 Problems 192
Chapter10 RadiationofElectromagneticWaves 197
10.1 Introduction 197
10.2 FieldsAssociatedwithaStationaryChargeandaCharge
MovingwithaConstantVelocity 197
10.3 RadiationFieldsDuetoanAcceleratedor
aDeceleratedCharge 201
10.4 RadiationfromanOscillatingDipoleCharge
andaDipoleAntenna 207
10.5 CyclotronandSynchrotronRadiation 212
10.6 Problems 213
Chapter11 InterferenceandDiffraction 215
11.1 Introduction 215
11.2 InterferenceBetweenTwoHarmonicWaves 216
11.3 Young’sExperiment 219
11.4 Multi-slitStructure 224
11.5 OpticalInterferenceinThinFilms 231
11.6 DiffractionI(FraunhoferDiffraction) 236
11.7 ResolutionofOpticalDevices 239
11.8 DiffractionII(FresnelDiffraction) 241
11.9 Problems 246
Chapter12 GeometricalOptics 251
12.1 Introduction 251
12.2 ReflectionandRefraction 252
12.3 TotalReflection 260
12.4 ReflectionatSphericalSurfaces(Mirrors) 262
12.5 SphericalAberrationofMirrors 266
12.6 RefractionatSphericalSurfaces 268
12.7 Lenses 269
12.8 ChromaticAberration 272
12.9 OpticalInstruments 275
12.10 PhysicalMeaningofFocusing 280
12.11 MatrixMethodinGeometricalOptics 282
12.12 Problems 293
Chapter13 ParticleNatureofLight 299
13.1 Introduction 299
13.2 PhotoelectricEffectandEinstein’sPhotonTheory 299