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FUNDAMENTALS OF SMART GRID SYSTEMS This page intentionally left blank FUNDAMENTALS OF SMART GRID SYSTEMS M K UHAMMAD AMRAN DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandTechnology,RiphahInternationalUniversity,Islamabad,Pakistan AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicor mechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthe Publisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearance CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher(other thanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenourunderstanding, changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusinganyinformation, methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheir ownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjury and/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationof anymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN978-0-323-99560-3 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:JosephP.Hayton AcquisitionsEditor:RachelE.Pomery EditorialProjectManager:AliAfzal-Khan ProductionProjectManager:PremKumarKaliamoorthi CoverDesigner:MatthewLimbert TypesetbySTRAIVE,India Dedication TomyparentsMuhammadRamzan(Late)andNaziranBiBi,mybrotherMuhammadImran,and mysistersfor theirsupportand love. To mybeloved wife Badar UnNisa andmy sonM. Sarim Kamran for their inspiration, support, and love. This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface xi 3.5 DCcircuitbreakers 75 3.6 Substationbusbars 79 Acknowledgments xiii 3.7 Lightningarresters 87 List of abbreviations xv 3.8 Powerfactor 87 3.9 Transmissionline 91 1. Introduction to smart grids 3.10 Transmissionlinefaults 102 3.11 Distributionsystem 104 1.1 Introduction 1 3.12 Transformersinelectricpower 1.2 Conventionalgrid 1 grids 110 1.3 Problemswithconventionalgrid 2 3.13 Three-phasetransformer 120 1.4 Whatisasmartgrid? 2 3.14 Conclusion 126 1.5 Overviewofthesmartgrid 4 Problems 127 1.6 Smartgridcommunication 11 Givebriefanswerstothefollowingshort 1.7 Advantagesofsmartgrid 16 questions 129 1.8 Issuesandchallengesrelatingtosmartgrids 17 References 130 1.9 Conclusion 20 Problems 20 4. Power electronics for smart grids References 22 4.1 Introduction 133 2. Energy sources and technologies 4.2 Applicationsofpowerelectronics 135 4.3 Solid-statedevices 140 2.1 Introduction 23 4.4 Rectifiers(AC-DCconverters) 154 2.2 Solarthermalenergy 24 4.5 Converters(DC-DCconverters) 168 2.3 Solarphotovoltaics 30 4.6 Inverters(DC-ACinverters) 192 2.4 Windenergy 31 4.7 Cycloconverters(AC-ACconverters) 208 2.5 Hydroenergy 32 4.8 Conclusion 215 2.6 Bioenergy 37 Problems 215 2.7 Geothermalenergy 49 References 218 2.8 Fuelcells 51 2.9 Steamturbinepowerplants 58 5. Planning and modeling of solar 2.10 Gasturbinepowerplants 61 energy systems 2.11 Nuclearpowerplants 62 2.12 Conclusion 63 5.1 Introduction 219 Problems 64 5.2 Solarphotovoltaics 220 References 69 5.3 Modelingofphotovoltaiccell 221 5.4 EffectofseriesresistanceontheI-Vcurveofa 3. Power grids solarcell 226 3.1 Introduction 71 5.5 EffectofparallelresistanceontheI-Vcurveofa 3.2 Electricalpowerstations 72 solarcell 227 3.3 Electricalsubstations 72 5.6 EffectoftemperatureontheI-VandP-Vcurves 3.4 ACcircuitbreakers 73 ofasolarcell 227 vii viii Contents 5.7 EffectofirradianceontheI-VandP-Vcurvesof 7.4 Renewableenergy-basedhybridenergy asolarcell 228 systems 317 5.8 Fillfactor 229 7.5 Designparametersofamicrogridandhybrid 5.9 Simulationofsinglediodemodelofasolarcellin energysystems 318 LabVIEWforI-VandP-Vcurvesundervarying 7.6 Controlstrategiesformicrogridandhybrid temperatureandirradiance 231 energysystems 322 5.10 Seriesandparallelconnectionsofsolar 7.7 Casestudy:ParallelconnectedVSCswithDG cells 233 sourcesinislandedandgrid-connected 5.11 Hotspotduetopartialshading 240 mode 326 5.12 Designconsiderationsofasolarphotovoltaic 7.8 Gridparity 332 system 241 7.9 Optimizationofhybridenergysystemsin 5.13 Solartracker 243 RETScreen 336 5.14 Perturbandobserve(P&O)maximumpower 7.10 Optimizationofmicrogridandhybridenergy pointtracker(MPPT)algorithm 245 systemsinHOMER 349 5.15 SimulationofperturbandobserveMPPT 7.11 ComparisonofRETScreenandHOMER algorithminMATLAB 249 analysis 354 5.16 Simulationoffuzzylogic-basedperturband 7.12 Microgridpolicy 356 observeMPPTalgorithmin 7.13 Conclusion 359 MATLAB/Simulink 252 Problems 360 5.17 Incrementalconductance(INC)MPPT References 362 algorithm 257 5.18 Simulationofincrementalconductance(INC) 8. Energy statistics and forecasting for MPPTalgorithminLabVIEW 263 smart grids 5.19 Solarnetmetering 264 8.1 Introduction 365 5.20 Conclusion 265 8.2 Numericalweatherprediction 366 Problems 266 8.3 Windenergyforecasting 367 References 269 8.4 Solarenergyforecasting 368 6. Planning and modeling of wind 8.5 Energyforecastingtimehorizons 368 8.6 Emergingforecastingtechniques 370 energy systems 8.7 Energymanagementinsmartgrids 385 6.1 Introduction 271 8.8 Conclusion 386 6.2 Basiccomponentsofawindturbine 271 Problems 387 6.3 Classificationofwindturbines 274 References 389 6.4 Thefundamentalequationofwindpower 278 6.5 Windenergyconversionsystems 285 9. Energy storage in smart grids 6.6 Controllingtheoutputfrequencyforvariable 9.1 Introduction 393 speedwindturbines 288 9.2 Compressedairenergystorage 393 6.7 Advantagesofwindenergy 293 9.3 Flywheelenergystorage 397 6.8 Challengestowindenergy 295 9.4 Pumpedhydroenergystorage 401 6.9 Conclusion 295 9.5 Lithium-ionbatteries 404 Problems 296 9.6 Lead-acidbatteries 405 References 298 9.7 Nickel-basedbatteries 407 9.8 Capacitorsandelectrochemical 7. Microgrid and hybrid capacitors/supercapacitors 409 energy systems 9.9 Superconductingmagneticenergystorage 409 7.1 Introduction 299 9.10 Flowbatteries 411 7.2 Literaturereview 300 9.11 Thermodynamicsofbatterystorage 413 7.3 Distributedgeneration 301 9.12 Energystorageapplications 415 Contents ix 9.13 SWOTanalysisofbatteryenergystoragesystems 10.9 Conclusion 457 insmartgrids 418 Problems 457 9.14 Currentmarkettrendsandfutureoutlook 419 References 459 9.15 Environmentalimpactofenergystorage systems 420 11. Global status of smart grids 9.16 Conclusion 424 11.1 Introduction 461 Problems 425 11.2 Globalsmartgridmarket—Globalforecastto References 428 2026 461 11.3 Keycharacteristicsofthesmartgrid 462 10. Electric vehicles and smart grids 11.4 Smartgridroadmapsfromdifferentelectric 10.1 Introduction 431 utilities 463 10.2 Electricvehiclemodeling 433 11.5 Components-basedstatusofthesmartgrid 465 10.3 Technologiesofelectricvehicles 438 11.6 Futureresearchanddevelopmentinsmart 10.4 IntegrationofEVsintotheelectricgrid 442 grids 471 10.5 Integrationofrenewableenergysourceswith 11.7 Conclusion 473 EVs 443 Problems 473 10.6 ConceptandframeworkofV2G 447 References 473 10.7 Energystoragesystemsforelectricvehicles 453 10.8 SWOTanalysisofelectricvehicles 456 Index 475