Table Of ContentFUNDAMENTALS OF SMART
GRID SYSTEMS
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FUNDAMENTALS OF
SMART GRID SYSTEMS
M K
UHAMMAD AMRAN
DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandTechnology,RiphahInternationalUniversity,Islamabad,Pakistan
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Dedication
TomyparentsMuhammadRamzan(Late)andNaziranBiBi,mybrotherMuhammadImran,and
mysistersfor theirsupportand love.
To mybeloved wife Badar UnNisa andmy sonM. Sarim Kamran for their inspiration, support,
and love.
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Contents
Preface xi 3.5 DCcircuitbreakers 75
3.6 Substationbusbars 79
Acknowledgments xiii
3.7 Lightningarresters 87
List of abbreviations xv
3.8 Powerfactor 87
3.9 Transmissionline 91
1. Introduction to smart grids
3.10 Transmissionlinefaults 102
3.11 Distributionsystem 104
1.1 Introduction 1
3.12 Transformersinelectricpower
1.2 Conventionalgrid 1
grids 110
1.3 Problemswithconventionalgrid 2
3.13 Three-phasetransformer 120
1.4 Whatisasmartgrid? 2
3.14 Conclusion 126
1.5 Overviewofthesmartgrid 4
Problems 127
1.6 Smartgridcommunication 11
Givebriefanswerstothefollowingshort
1.7 Advantagesofsmartgrid 16
questions 129
1.8 Issuesandchallengesrelatingtosmartgrids 17
References 130
1.9 Conclusion 20
Problems 20
4. Power electronics for smart grids
References 22
4.1 Introduction 133
2. Energy sources and technologies
4.2 Applicationsofpowerelectronics 135
4.3 Solid-statedevices 140
2.1 Introduction 23
4.4 Rectifiers(AC-DCconverters) 154
2.2 Solarthermalenergy 24
4.5 Converters(DC-DCconverters) 168
2.3 Solarphotovoltaics 30
4.6 Inverters(DC-ACinverters) 192
2.4 Windenergy 31
4.7 Cycloconverters(AC-ACconverters) 208
2.5 Hydroenergy 32
4.8 Conclusion 215
2.6 Bioenergy 37
Problems 215
2.7 Geothermalenergy 49
References 218
2.8 Fuelcells 51
2.9 Steamturbinepowerplants 58
5. Planning and modeling of solar
2.10 Gasturbinepowerplants 61
energy systems
2.11 Nuclearpowerplants 62
2.12 Conclusion 63 5.1 Introduction 219
Problems 64
5.2 Solarphotovoltaics 220
References 69
5.3 Modelingofphotovoltaiccell 221
5.4 EffectofseriesresistanceontheI-Vcurveofa
3. Power grids
solarcell 226
3.1 Introduction 71 5.5 EffectofparallelresistanceontheI-Vcurveofa
3.2 Electricalpowerstations 72 solarcell 227
3.3 Electricalsubstations 72 5.6 EffectoftemperatureontheI-VandP-Vcurves
3.4 ACcircuitbreakers 73 ofasolarcell 227
vii
viii Contents
5.7 EffectofirradianceontheI-VandP-Vcurvesof 7.4 Renewableenergy-basedhybridenergy
asolarcell 228 systems 317
5.8 Fillfactor 229 7.5 Designparametersofamicrogridandhybrid
5.9 Simulationofsinglediodemodelofasolarcellin energysystems 318
LabVIEWforI-VandP-Vcurvesundervarying 7.6 Controlstrategiesformicrogridandhybrid
temperatureandirradiance 231 energysystems 322
5.10 Seriesandparallelconnectionsofsolar 7.7 Casestudy:ParallelconnectedVSCswithDG
cells 233 sourcesinislandedandgrid-connected
5.11 Hotspotduetopartialshading 240 mode 326
5.12 Designconsiderationsofasolarphotovoltaic 7.8 Gridparity 332
system 241 7.9 Optimizationofhybridenergysystemsin
5.13 Solartracker 243 RETScreen 336
5.14 Perturbandobserve(P&O)maximumpower 7.10 Optimizationofmicrogridandhybridenergy
pointtracker(MPPT)algorithm 245 systemsinHOMER 349
5.15 SimulationofperturbandobserveMPPT 7.11 ComparisonofRETScreenandHOMER
algorithminMATLAB 249 analysis 354
5.16 Simulationoffuzzylogic-basedperturband 7.12 Microgridpolicy 356
observeMPPTalgorithmin 7.13 Conclusion 359
MATLAB/Simulink 252 Problems 360
5.17 Incrementalconductance(INC)MPPT References 362
algorithm 257
5.18 Simulationofincrementalconductance(INC) 8. Energy statistics and forecasting for
MPPTalgorithminLabVIEW 263 smart grids
5.19 Solarnetmetering 264
8.1 Introduction 365
5.20 Conclusion 265
8.2 Numericalweatherprediction 366
Problems 266
8.3 Windenergyforecasting 367
References 269
8.4 Solarenergyforecasting 368
6. Planning and modeling of wind 8.5 Energyforecastingtimehorizons 368
8.6 Emergingforecastingtechniques 370
energy systems
8.7 Energymanagementinsmartgrids 385
6.1 Introduction 271 8.8 Conclusion 386
6.2 Basiccomponentsofawindturbine 271 Problems 387
6.3 Classificationofwindturbines 274 References 389
6.4 Thefundamentalequationofwindpower 278
6.5 Windenergyconversionsystems 285 9. Energy storage in smart grids
6.6 Controllingtheoutputfrequencyforvariable
9.1 Introduction 393
speedwindturbines 288
9.2 Compressedairenergystorage 393
6.7 Advantagesofwindenergy 293
9.3 Flywheelenergystorage 397
6.8 Challengestowindenergy 295
9.4 Pumpedhydroenergystorage 401
6.9 Conclusion 295
9.5 Lithium-ionbatteries 404
Problems 296
9.6 Lead-acidbatteries 405
References 298
9.7 Nickel-basedbatteries 407
9.8 Capacitorsandelectrochemical
7. Microgrid and hybrid
capacitors/supercapacitors 409
energy systems
9.9 Superconductingmagneticenergystorage 409
7.1 Introduction 299 9.10 Flowbatteries 411
7.2 Literaturereview 300 9.11 Thermodynamicsofbatterystorage 413
7.3 Distributedgeneration 301 9.12 Energystorageapplications 415
Contents ix
9.13 SWOTanalysisofbatteryenergystoragesystems 10.9 Conclusion 457
insmartgrids 418 Problems 457
9.14 Currentmarkettrendsandfutureoutlook 419 References 459
9.15 Environmentalimpactofenergystorage
systems 420 11. Global status of smart grids
9.16 Conclusion 424
11.1 Introduction 461
Problems 425
11.2 Globalsmartgridmarket—Globalforecastto
References 428
2026 461
11.3 Keycharacteristicsofthesmartgrid 462
10. Electric vehicles and smart grids
11.4 Smartgridroadmapsfromdifferentelectric
10.1 Introduction 431 utilities 463
10.2 Electricvehiclemodeling 433 11.5 Components-basedstatusofthesmartgrid 465
10.3 Technologiesofelectricvehicles 438 11.6 Futureresearchanddevelopmentinsmart
10.4 IntegrationofEVsintotheelectricgrid 442 grids 471
10.5 Integrationofrenewableenergysourceswith 11.7 Conclusion 473
EVs 443 Problems 473
10.6 ConceptandframeworkofV2G 447 References 473
10.7 Energystoragesystemsforelectricvehicles 453
10.8 SWOTanalysisofelectricvehicles 456 Index 475
