Fundamentals of Short-Range FM Radar

313 Pages·2005·9.39 MB·English

Fundamentals of Short-Range FM Radar
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Fundamentals of Short-Range FM Radar
Igor V. Komarov
Serge! M. Smolsluy
English tr.anslation edited by
D~T-iKd. Barton
Art ech House
Boston London
www.ar techhouse.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Komarov, Igor V.
Fundamentals of short-range FM radar 1 Igor V. Komarov, Sergey M. Smolskiy.
p. cm. - (Artech House radar library)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-58053-110-5 (alk. paper)
1. Radar. I. Smolskiy, Sergey M. 11. Title. 111. Series.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Komarov, Igor V.
Fundamentals of short-range FM radar. - (Artech House radar
library)
1. Radar 2. Radio frequency modulation
I. Title 11. Smolskiy, Sergey M.
621.3'848
ISBN 1-58053-1 10-5
Cover design by Igor Valdman
O 2003 ARTECH HOUSE, INC.
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Norwood, MA 02062
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mark or service mark.
International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-1 10-5
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 200305771 5
This book u dediclated to the memory of our parents

Contents
...
Preface
Xlll
Part I 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to1 Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave Radar 3
1.1 Brief History 3
1.2 Examples of Use of FMCW Radar 5
1.2.1 Radio Altimeters 5
1.2.2 Level-Measuring Radar 6
1.2.3 Navigational Radar 6
1.2.4 Vehicle Collision Warning Systems 7
1.2.5 Precisiotl Range Meter for Fixed Targets 8
1.2.6 Measurement of Very Small Motions 9
Keferenc es 9
Chapter 2 Basic Theory of Short -Range FM Radar 11
2.1 Principle of Operation and Basic Block Diagram of FM
Radar 11
2.2 Typical Block Diagram of Short-Range FM Radar 13
2.2.1 System with Separate Transmitting and
Receuving Antennas and Nonzero
Intermediate Frequency 13
2.2.2 Circuit with Nonzero Intermediate Frequency
and Complex Frequency Modulation 14
2.2.3 System with a Single Transmitting-Receiving
Antenna 15
2.2.4 12utodyr,le System with a Single Antenna 16
vii
...
vm Fundamentals of Short-Range FM Radar
2.3 General Expressions for Transmitted, Reflected, and
Converted Signals
2.4 General Relationships for the Converted Signal with
Modulation by a Periodic Function
2.5 General Relations for a Converted Signal with Dual-
Frequency Modulation
2.6 General Relations for a Converted Signal with
Modulation by a Modulated Periodic Function
2.7 Block Diagrams of Ultrasonic SRR and Features of the
Converted Signal
Chapter 3 Characteristics of the Converted Signal with Different
Transmitter Modulations
3.1 Sinusoidal Modulation
3.1.1 Modulation by a Single Sinusoid
3.1.2 Dual Sinusoidal Modulation
3.2 Linear Frequency Modulation
3.2.1 Modulation with an Asymmetrical Sawtooth
Function
3.2.2 Modulation with Non-Isosceles and Symmetrical
Sawtooth Functions
3.3 Discrete Modulation
3.4 Effects of Transmitter Modulation Nonlinearity on
Converted Signal Parameters
Chapter 4 Integrated Methods of Converted Signal Processing
4.1 General Description
4.2 Effect of Parasitic Amplitude Modulation of the
Transmission on Operation of the SRR Receiver
4.2.1 General Description
4.2.2 Methods of Decreasing PAM Signal Effects on
Receiver Operation
4.3 Stabilization of the Frequency Deviation
4.4 Frequency Processing of the Converted Signal
4.4.1 Range Finding by Counting the Number of Zero
Points of the Converted Signal for a
Modulation Period
4.4.2 Measuring of the Instantaneous Frequency
4.4.3 Fixing the Instantaneous Frequency of the
Converted Signal
4.4.4 Use of the Frequency Deviation of the Converted
Signal
4.4.5 Applying Dual Sinusoidal Modulation
Contents
4.4.6 Single-Antenna Version with Zero Intermediate
Frequency
4.4.7 Fixing the: Frequency Deviation of the Converted
Signal
4.5 Phase Processing of the Converted Signal
References
Chapter 5 Spectral Methods of Processing the Converted Signal
5.1 General Description
5.2 Range Resolution
5.3 Radar Scan of Range
5.4 Spectral Processmg Using the Parasitic AM Signal
5.5 Signal Processing on Separate Components of the
Converted Signal Spectrum
5.5.1 Formation of the Discriminator Characteristic
5.5.2 Phase Prmessing of Separate Components of the
Converted Signal Spectrum
References
Part I1
Chapter 6 Analysis of Constant 1:requency Oscillators
6.1 Rule for Obtain~ngth e Abbreviated Equations
6.2 Substantiation of the SAE Method
6.3 Examples of Deriving the Abbreviated Equations
6.3.1 Single-Tuned Oscillator with Fixed Bias Voltage
6.3.2 Single-Tuned Oscillator with Automatic Bias
6.4 General Abbrev~ateda nd Characteristic Equations of
Anisochronous Oscillators
6.4.1 ,Abbreviated Equations of Anisochronous
Oscillators
6.4.2 Stationary Modes of the Oscillator
6.4.3 General Characteristic Equation of the
Anisochronous Oscillator
6.4.4 (Conditiono f Self-Excitation of Oscillators with
Inertial Active Elements
6.4.5 Order ofthe Characteristic Equation and the Sign
of the Factor at the Upper Derivative
References
Chapter 7 Analysis of FM Systems Using Symbolical Abbreviated
Equations
7.1 Symbolical Abhreviated Equations for Controlled Self-
Oscillatory Systems of Any Kind
x Fundamentals of Short-Range FM Radar
7.2 Method of Symbolical Abbreviated Equations for FM
Systems
7.3 Differential Equations of Some FM Systems
7.3.1 Differential Equations of a Parallel Conservative
LC Circuit with Variable Capacitance and an
Active Two-Pole
7.3.2 Differential Equations of a Parallel Dissipative
LC Circuit with Variable Capacitance and an
Active Two-Pole
7.4 Abbreviated Differential Equations of Single-Tuned
Oscillators with Sinusoidal FM
7.5 Parasitic Amplitude Modulation in Autodynes for
Various Types of Frequency Modulation
7.5.1 Sine Wave Frequency Modulation
7.5.2 Binary Frequency Modulation
7.5.3 Frequency Modulation by an Asymmetrical
Sawtooth
7.5.4 Frequency Modulation with a Symmetrical
Sawtooth
References
Chapter 8 Output Voltage of a Frequency-Controlled Oscillator
8.1 Change of Output Voltage for Oscillators Tuned
Discretely in Time
8.2 Parasitic Amplitude Modulation of Oscillations in Ideal
Single-Tuned Circuits with Modulation of Their
Natural Frequencies
8.3 Parasitic Amplitude Modulation of Output Voltage in
Single-Tuned Oscillators with Frequency Modulation
8.4 Use of a Varicap as the Frequency Controller
References
Chapter 9 Nonlinearity and Linearization in Varactor Control of FM
Oscillators
9.1 Nonlinearity of Frequency Dependence of Single-Tuned
Oscillators on Control Voltage of the Varactor with
Large Frequency Changes
9.2 Nonlinear Distortions with Frequency Modulation Using
Varactors
9.2.1 Nonlinear Distortions for Capacitor Coupling of
the Varactor to the Oscillator Circuit