Fundamentals of Optical Networks and Components

389 Pages·2020·8.235 MB·\389

by  Partha Pratim Sahu (Author)

Fundamentals of Optical
Networks and Components
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Fundamentals of Optical
Networks and Components
Partha Pratim Sahu
First edition published 2020
by CRC Press
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ISBN: 978-0-367-26545-8 (hbk)
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Typeset in Times
by codeMantra
To my family:
My grand mother Sushila Sahu and
my parents Harekrishna Sahu and Jyotsana Sahu,
My wife Arpita Sahu, and
my daughters Prakriti and Ritushree Sahu.
Taylor & Francis
Tay&l Forra nGcriosu p
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................xvii
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................xxi
Author ..................................................................................................................xxiii
Chapter 1 Introductory Concept ...........................................................................1
1.1 Basic Communication Model ....................................................1
1.1.1 Local Area Network .....................................................2
1.1.1.1 OSI Model .....................................................2
1.1.1.2 T CP/IP Protocol ............................................3
1.1.2 Wide Area Network ......................................................5
1.1.2.1 Circuit Switching ..........................................5
1.1.2.2 P acket Switching ...........................................5
1.1.2.3 Frame Relay ..................................................6
1.1.2.4 Asynchronous Transfer Mode ......................6
1.1.3 VSAT Network via Satellite .........................................6
1.1.4 Integrated Services Digital Network ..........................10
1.1.4.1 Narrowband ISDN ......................................11
1.1.4.2 Broadband ISDN .........................................11
1.2 Optical Fiber Principle ............................................................11
1.2.1 Optical Fiber ...............................................................12
1.2.1.1 Optical Transmission in Fiber ....................12
1.2.1.2 Difference between Single- and
Multimode Fibers........................................15
1.2.2 Attenuation in Fiber ...................................................17
1.2.2.1 A bsorption ..................................................17
1.2.3 S cattering Loss ...........................................................18
1.2.4 Dispersion in Fiber .....................................................19
1.2.5 Nonlinearities .............................................................21
1.2.6 Nonlinear Refraction ..................................................21
1.2.7 Stimulated Raman Scattering ....................................22
1.2.8 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering .................................22
1.2.9 Four-Wave Mixing ......................................................22
1.3 Optical Transmitters ................................................................22
1.3.1 Laser Action ...............................................................23
1.3.2 Semiconductor Diode Laser .......................................24
1.3.3 Multiple Quantum Well Laser ....................................25
1.3.4 Tunable and Fixed Lasers ...........................................25
1.3.4.1 Laser Characteristics ..................................25
1.3.4.2 Mechanically Tuned Lasers ........................26
1.3.4.3 Acoustooptically and Electrooptically
Tuned Lasers ...............................................27
vii
viii Contents
1.3.4.4 Injection-Current-Tuned Lasers ..................27
1.3.5 Laser Arrays ...............................................................28
1.4 Optical Receivers and Filters ..................................................29
1.4.1 Photodetector ..............................................................29
1.4.1.1 P IN Photodiode ...........................................30
1.4.1.2 A valanche Photodiode ................................31
1.4.2 Tunable Optical Filters ...............................................32
1.4.2.1 Filter Characteristics ...................................32
1.4.2.2 Etalon ..........................................................33
1.4.2.3 M ach–Zehnder Chain .................................34
1.4.2.4 A cousto-optic Filters ..................................34
1.4.2.5 Electrooptic Filters .....................................35
1.4.2.6 Liquid Crystal Fabry–Perot Filters .............35
1.4.3 Fixed Filters ................................................................35
1.4.3.1 Grating Filters .............................................35
1.4.3.2 Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) .......................35
1.4.3.3 T hin-Film Interference Filters ....................36
1.4.4 Comparison between Different Filters .......................36
1.5 Optical Modulation ..................................................................36
1.5.1 D igital-to-Digital Modulation ....................................37
1.5.1.1 NRZ ............................................................37
1.5.1.2 B ipolar AMI ...............................................37
1.5.1.3 Pseudo Ternary AMI ..................................38
1.5.1.4 B iphase Coding ...........................................38
1.5.1.5 B8ZS Code ..................................................39
1.5.1.6 H DB3 Code.................................................39
1.5.2 D igital-to-Analog Modulation ....................................40
1.5.3 Analog-to-Analog Modulation ...................................41
1.5.3.1 A mplitude Modulation ...............................41
1.5.3.2 F requency Modulation ................................41
1.5.3.3 P hase Modulation .......................................42
Summary ............................................................................................43
Exercises .............................................................................................43
References ..........................................................................................45
Chapter 2 Different Optical Network Node .......................................................49
2.1 Non-Reconfigurable Node .......................................................49
2.1.1 Non-Reconfigurable Wavelength Router Node ..........49
2.1.2 Arrayed Waveguide Grating-Based Node ..................50
2.1.3 N ode Architecture of a Passive-Star WDM
Network ...................................................................51
2.2 Reconfigurable Wavelength-Routing Node .............................53
2.2.1 Add/Drop Multiplexer-Based Reconfigurable
Node in a Ring WDM Network .................................54
2.2.2 Wavelength Convertible Node Architecture ..............57
Contents ix
2.2.3 Reconfigurable Node Architecture in
WDM-Based Mesh Optical Network .........................58
2.2.3.1 Wavelength-Router–Based
Reconfigurable Node ..................................59
2.2.3.2 Fully Wavelength Convertible Node
Architecture of a WDM Mesh Network .....59
2.2.4 SONET over WDM Node Architecture for a
Mesh Optical Network ...............................................59
2.2.5 Transport Node of a WDM Optical Network .............62
2.2.6 IP over WDM Network Node Architecture ...............62
2.2.7 N ode Architecture for Multicasting Optical
Network ...................................................................62
2.2.8 Traffic Grooming Node Architecture for an
Optical Mesh Network ...............................................64
2.2.9 Node Architecture of Optical Packet-Switched
Network ......................................................................66
2.3 Network Node Based on Delivery and Coupling Switch ........68
2.4 Multihop Network Node Architecture ....................................68
Summary ............................................................................................70
Exercises .............................................................................................70
References ..........................................................................................71
Chapter 3 Devices in Optical Network Node .....................................................75
3.1 Basic Components of Integrated Waveguide Devices .............75
3.1.1 Directional Coupler ....................................................76
3.1.1.1 Coupled Mode Theory ................................77
3.1.1.2 Power Transferred between Two
Waveguides Due to Coupling .....................77
3.1.1.3 C oupling Coefficient ...................................79
3.1.2 MMI Coupler ..............................................................79
3.1.2.1 G uided Mode Propagation Analysis ...........81
3.1.2.2 Power Transferred to the Output
Waveguides .................................................82
3.1.3 T MI Coupler ...............................................................82
3.1.3.1 Power Transferred to Output Waveguides ....83
3.1.4 Array Waveguide Grating ..........................................83
3.1.5 MZ Active Device ......................................................85
3.1.5.1 TE Polarization ...........................................85
3.2 Wavelength Division Multiplexer/Demultiplexer-Based
Waveguide Coupler ..................................................................88
3.2.1 WDM-Based TMI Coupler ........................................88
3.3 Optical Switching ....................................................................90
3.3.1 MZ Switch ..................................................................91
3.3.1.1 TOMZ Switch-Based DC ...........................91
3.3.1.2 TE Polarization ...........................................92