Fundamentals of Neurosurgery. A Guide for Clinicians and Medical Students PDF
Preview Fundamentals of Neurosurgery. A Guide for Clinicians and Medical Students
Fundamentals of Neurosurgery A Guide for Clinicians and Medical Students Andrei Fernandes Joaquim Enrico Ghizoni Helder Tedeschi Mauro Augusto Tostes Ferreira Editors 123 Andrei Fernandes Joaquim Enrico Ghizoni • Helder Tedeschi Mauro Augusto Tostes Ferreira Editors Fundamentals of Neurosurgery A Guide for Clinicians and Medical Students Editors Andrei Fernandes Joaquim Enrico Ghizoni Department of Neurology Department of Neurology Neurosurgery Division Neurosurgery Division University of Campinas (UNICAMP) University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas, São Paulo Campinas, São Paulo Brazil Brazil Helder Tedeschi Mauro Augusto Tostes Ferreira Department of Neurology Federal University of Minas Gerais Neurosurgery Division Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Brazil Campinas, São Paulo Brazil ISBN 978-3-030-17648-8 ISBN 978-3-030-17649-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17649-5 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recita- tion, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or infor- mation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publica- tion does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword Dr. Joaquim is to be congratulated for assembling a roster of star clinicians who have provided a readable and easy-to-understand introduction to the art of neurosur- gery. These authors represent the best of a range of training and treatment centers at institutions around the world. The topic of Fundamentals of Neurosurgery is aptly introduced by chapters that review the application of neuroanatomy to clinical practice and give an overview of basic neuroimaging and neurological examination techniques. Subsequent chapters address specific neurological conditions affecting the brain (e.g., intracranial hyper- tension, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, hydrocephalus, and brain tumors) and spine (e.g., spinal trauma, spinal dysraphism, and degenera- tive spine disease). In addition to providing insights on the medical management of these conditions, the text includes chapters that discuss brain tumors specific to adults or children, that examine brain death, that touch on the social and economic burdens of misdiagnosis, and that consider the remaining frontiers which neurosur- geons will face in the future. It is critical for both medical students and allied physicians alike to have a broad- based reference text such as this one that provides them with basic management guidelines and exposes them to up-to-date neurosurgical care techniques. This book no doubt not only will serve as a reference resource for clinicians but will also inspire medical students to consider a career in the neurosciences. Robert F. Spetzler Department of Neurosurgery Barrow Neurological Institute St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix, AZ, USA v Preface Neurosurgery textbooks have contributed to the lack of interest for the specialty as they used to be packed with astonishingly complex anatomical pictures and with a myriad of terms that have made the area a forbidding territory for many students. Although, unlike neurosurgeons, the nonspecialists will probably never be directly involved in the surgical procedures or in the therapeutic decisions, they certainly need to be thoroughly informed about the newest treatment recommenda- tions and the science and evidence that are behind them. With that in mind, the authors have chosen to make neurosurgery more practical and thus more available to those in search for information on the subject. Each chapter of this book has the intention to bring a comprehensive, state-of- the-art, and consistently formatted text on the recommendations for the manage- ment of a particular neurosurgical condition. The apprehensions of the students about the complexity of neurosurgery are put to ease with a concise and yet complete description of the essentials of the neurosur- gical practice that is both easy to grasp and readily applicable. Inviting acknowledged experts in the various areas to contribute to the chapters has certainly enhanced the quality of the text and reinforced our belief that readers would benefit from different opinions. This new textbook was designed to provide a practical and in-depth reference that gives the reader an easy guide to the therapeutic options of the commonest problems in neurosurgery, serving as a constant companion for the daily clinical practice. Helder Tedeschi Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery Division University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas, SP, Brazil vii Acknowledgments We thank all the contributing authors of this manuscript. ix Contents 1 Neuroanatomy Applied to Clinical Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Mauro A. T. Ferreira 2 Basic Neuroimaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Caio Fiuza Ferreira and Marcos Marins 3 The Basic Neurological Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Mauro A. T. Ferreira 4 Intracranial Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Vânia Graner Silva Pinto, Alexandre Guimarães de Almeida Barros, and Antonio Luis Eiras Falcão 5 Traumatic Brain Injury Overview and Practice Parameters . . . . . . . . 61 James W. Bales and Louis J. Kim 6 Spinal Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Otávio Turolo da Silva, Andrei Fernandes Joaquim, Alexander R. Vaccaro, and Richard H. Rothman 7 Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Eugene Warnick, Sheena Amin, Mayan Lendner, Joseph S. Butler, and Alexander R. Vaccaro 8 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Joshua S. Catapano and Michael T. Lawton 9 Neurosurgery for Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Thomas J. Sorenson, Enrico Giordan, and Giuseppe Lanzino 10 Hydrocephalus Basic Concepts and Initial Management . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Fernando Campos Gomes Pinto and Francisco Del Rosario Matos Ureña 11 Tethered Cord Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Enrico Ghizoni, João Paulo Sant’Ana Santos de Souza, and Dominic N. P. Thompson xi xii Contents 12 Craniosynostosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Enrico Ghizoni, Cássio Eduardo Raposo do Amaral, and Rafael Denadai 13 Management of Low Back Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Otávio Turolo da Silva, Andrei Fernandes Joaquim, and Alpesh A. Patel 14 Peripheral Nerve Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Roberto S. Martins and Mario G. Siqueira 15 Degenerative Lumbar Spine Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Andrei Fernandes Joaquim, Otávio Turolo da Silva, Barlas Benkli, and Ronald A. Lehman Jr 16 Degenerative Cervical Spine Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Andrei Fernandes Joaquim, Otávio Turolo da Silva, John Rhee, and K. Daniel Riew 17 Brain Tumors in Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Victor Leal de Vasconcelos, Marcelo Gomes Cordeiro Valadares, and Helder Tedeschi 18 Brain Tumors in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Enrico Ghizoni, Carolina Ribeiro Marques Naccarato, and Roger Neves Mathias 19 Determination of and Difficulties with Brain Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 James W. Bales and Louis J. Kim 20 The Frontiers of Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Mauro A. T. Ferreira Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Contributors Sheena Amin Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, NJ, USA James W. Bales Department of Neurosurgery, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Barlas Benkli Department of Neurology, UT Health, Houston, TX, USA Joseph S. Butler National Spinal Injuries Unit, Department of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland Joshua S. Catapano Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA Otávio Turolo da Silva Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery Division, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil Alexandre Guimarães de Almeida Barros Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil Victor Leal de Vasconcelos Division of Neurosurgery - Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil Rafael Denadai Institute of Plastic and Craniofacial Surgery, SOBRAPAR Hospital, Campinas, SP, Brazil Cássio Eduardo Raposo do Amaral Institute of Plastic and Craniofacial Surgery, SOBRAPAR Hospital, Campinas, SP, Brazil Antonio Luis Eiras Falcão Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil Caio Fiuza Ferreira Vera Cruz Hospital/Centro Radiológico Campinas e Clínica de Diagnóstico por Imagem de Salvador, Campinas, SP, Brazil Mauro A. T. Ferreira Department of Anatomy and Radiology, University Hospital, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Enrico Ghizoni Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery Division, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil xiii xiv Contributors Enrico Giordan Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Fernando Campos Gomes Pinto Group of Cerebral Hydrodynamics, Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Institute of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil Andrei Fernandes Joaquim Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery Division, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil Louis J. Kim Department of Neurosurgery, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Giuseppe Lanzino Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Michael T. Lawton Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA Ronald A. Lehman Jr. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Daniel and Jane Och Spine Hospital- NewYork-Presbyterian/The Allen Hospital, New York, NY, USA Mayan Lendner Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA Marcos Marins Vera Cruz Hospital/Centro Radiológico Campinas, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil Roberto S. Martins Peripheral Nerve Surgery Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil Roger Neves Mathias Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil Carolina Ribeiro Marques Naccarato Department of Radiology, Hospital Boldrini, Campinas, SP, Brazil Alpesh A. Patel Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA John Rhee Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA K. Daniel Riew Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Daniel and Jane Och Spine Hospital – New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA Richard H. Rothman Sidney Kimmel Medical Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA João Paulo Sant’Ana Santos de Souza Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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