Fundamentals of Forensic Photography: Practical Techniques for Evidence Documentation on Location and in the Laboratory PDF
Preview Fundamentals of Forensic Photography: Practical Techniques for Evidence Documentation on Location and in the Laboratory
FUNDAMENTALS OF FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY In Fundamentals of Forensic Photography, Keith Mancini and John Sidoriak offer practical techniques for common situations encountered in forensic documentation. Topics include equipment selection, lighting techniques, crime scene and evidence documentation, macro and micro photography as well as aerial, high speed, and computational photography. Tech- niques for photographic documentation in both the laboratory and the field are discussed. Keith Mancini is a Forensic Photographer for the Westchester County, NY, Forensic Lab. He has served in that role for approximately 17 years. Keith is a certified Forensic Photogra- pher and Forensic Video Examiner by the International Association for Identification where he also serves on the Forensic Video Certification Board. Keith is a member of the National Institute of Justice’s OSAC (Organization of Scientific Area Committees) Video and Image Analysis Subcommittee. John Sidoriak is the Vice President and Director of Operations for Fisher-Cal Industries, Inc., a photography, graphics, and multimedia contractor to the Department of Defense for over 20 years. John is also the accident and crime scene instructor to the Photodocumentation Series at the National Transportation Safety Board Training Center in Ashburn, VA. ABOUT THE SERIES APPLICATIONS IN SCIENTIFIC PHOTOGRAPHY Like all fields, there are many subspecialties within the broad field of scientific photogra- phy. While each is seemingly specialized, there are areas within the individualized fields of science where photography is practiced in generalized ways as well. The Applications in Scientific Photography series was produced to become an industry resource, in homage to the seventeen books created for the Time Life Photography series in the 1970s, which out- lines various aspects of photography for the working professional and student, including technology, methods, applications, tools, and important photographers. The second book in the Applications in Scientific Photography series is Fundamentals in Forensic Photography: Practical Techniques for Evidence Documentation on Location and in the Laboratory. This book offers practical techniques for the most common situations encoun- tered in forensic documentation. The topics include proper equipment selection, effective settings and scientific strategies for forensic documentation. Emphasis is placed on tech- niques used in both laboratory and field settings to present the factual, true and accurate imagery that is vital in all aspects of forensic science and crime scene investigation. The text concludes with methods for archiving and retrieval of imagery, including scene, injury, autopsy, and evidence documentation; and HDR, high speed, and time-lapse imaging. Each subsequent title in the series has been designed to share the best practices from each discipline using applied and practical strategies. Each book in the series will deconstruct and emphasize how images are considered scientific data and the end facts of an experi- ment or photographic documentation/survey. Titles in the Series Laboratory Imaging and Photography: Best Practices for Photomicrography & More Michael Peres, Rochester Institute of Technology Fundamentals of Forensic Photography: Practical Techniques for Evidence Documentation on Location and in the Laboratory Keith Mancini and John Sidoriak FUNDAMENTALS OF FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY Practical Techniques for Evidence Documentation on Location and in the Laboratory Keith Mancini and John Sidoriak First published 2018 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 Taylor & Francis The right of Keith Mancini and John Sidoriak to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Mancini, Keith, author. | Sidoriak, John, author. Title: Fundamentals of forensic photography : practical techniques for evidence documentation on location and in the laboratory / Keith Mancini and John Sidoriak. Description: New York : Routledge, 2017. | Series: Applications in scientific photography | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017007684 (print) | LCCN 2017008564 (ebook) | ISBN 9781138910812 (pbk : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781138910843 (hbk : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315693125 (ebk) | ISBN 9781315693125 (Master) | ISBN 9781317435396 (web pdf) | ISBN 9781317435389 ( epub) | ISBN 9781317435372 (kindle) Subjects: LCSH: Legal photography. Classification: LCC TR822 .M34 2017 (print) | LCC TR822 (ebook) | DDC 778.9/36325—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017007684 ISBN: 978-1-138-91084-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-91081-2 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-69312-5 (ebk) Typeset in Photina MT by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents About the Contributors, viii Acknowledgments, ix Introduction, x 1 Equipment and Technology 1 Cameras, 1 Lenses, 8 Wide-Angle Lens, 12 Telephoto Lens, 14 Macro or Close-Up Lens, 14 The Tripod, 15 External Flash Unit, 17 Scales, 19 Forensic Photographic Accessories, 20 2 Basic Photography Principles 23 Light, 23 Exposure, 24 Exposure Modes, 31 ISO (International Organization of Standardization), 37 White Balance, 37 3 Digital Photography 39 Resolution, 39 File Types, Compression, 40 Dynamic Range, 43 Crop Factor and Focal Length Multiplier, 43 White Balance and Color Temperature, 45 Photographic Filters, 47 Color Space and Color Profiles, 47 Color Management, 49 Metadata, 50 Management and Storage of Images, 52 Image Cataloging Software, 55 4 Light and Lighting 57 Lighting Styles and Effects, 59 Polarizing Light and Filters, 67 vi Contents Painting with Light, 70 Creating Effective Lighting, 71 5 Crime Scene Documentation 73 Safety at the Crime Scene, 73 Crime Scenes, 73 Photographing in Bad Weather/Adverse Conditions, 84 Photographing Impression Evidence (Footwear, Fabric, and Tool Marks), 86 Photographing Tire Impressions, 88 Photographing Fingerprints, 88 Photographing Blood Spatter (Sectoring), 92 6 Evidence Documentation 95 General Evidence Handling Precautions, 95 General Evidence Documentation, 96 Photographing Highly Reflective Objects, 97 Photographing the Surface of Glass, 99 Photographing Impressions in the Lab, 102 Documenting Injuries to a Victim or Suspect, 104 Photographing Bite Marks, 104 Autopsy Photography, 105 Fluorescence Photography, 110 Photographing Chemiluminescence (Luminol or Bluestar®), 113 Infrared and IR Fluorescence Photography, 115 Reflected Ultraviolet (UV) Photography, 122 7 Aerial Photography 129 Photographing from an Aircraft, 129 Unmanned Aircraft Systems (Drones), 133 Satellite Images, 146 Overhead Photography, 148 8 Close-Up and Macro Photography 153 Lenses for Close-Up and Macro Photography, 153 Close-Up Accessories, 155 Creating a Close-Up Image, 156 Close-Up and Macro Photography Depth of Field, 157 Close-Up Aperture Selection and Diffraction, 158 Exposure Compensation, 159 Image Magnification, 159 9 Photomicrography 161 Stereo Photomicroscopes, 161 Photographing, 162 Contents vii More Magnification and the Microscope, 162 Microscope Parts and their Locations, 162 Image Taking Using a Microscope: Photomicrography, 171 Dedicated Microscope Instrument Cameras, 171 White Balancing, 172 Mirrorless Cameras, 173 DSLR Cameras, 173 Vibration, 175 Advanced Methods to Produce Contrast, 176 10 High Speed and Time-Lapse 181 High-Speed Photography, 181 High-Speed Video, 187 Time-Lapse Photography, 189 11 Computational Photography 199 Increased Depth of Field, 199 Image Stitching, 204 High Dynamic Range Imaging, 213 Three-Dimensional Imaging, 217 12 Digital Image Processing 221 Best Practice, 221 Image Processing, 222 Category 1 and Category 2 Images, 222 Destructive vs. Non-Destructive Adjustments, 223 Image Corrections, 223 Color, Contrast, and Brightness Adjustments, 224 Noise Reduction, 225 Image Sharpening, 226 Scaling and Resizing an Image, 226 Contact Sheets, 228 Saving Files, 228 Index, 229 ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS ADAM HARTLEY is a forensic firearms examiner who has spent the better part of his career working in microscopy and image analysis. In addition to giving presentations on the use of image analysis and photogrammetry in forensics at regional and national training con- ferences, he is also published in scientific journals such as Nature and the Journal of Neuro- science. He can be contacted at [email protected]. GEORGE REIS is owner of Imaging Forensics, providing training, consulting, and expert witness services in the areas of forensic image analysis, video analysis, and photography. He can be reached at [email protected]. His website is www.imagingforensics. com. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to wish a special thank you to the following people who contributed to the success of this project: Michael Peres, Associate Chair, School of Photographic Arts & Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology Kunjlata Ashar, M.D., Pathologist/Medical Examiner, Westchester County Department of Laboratories and Research Robert Adamo, Director, Westchester County Forensic Lab Mary Eustace, Forensic Science Specialist, Westchester County Forensic Lab Brandi Clark, Forensic Scientist, Westchester County Forensic Lab The entire staff of the Westchester County Forensic Lab Sandra Viens, Toxicology Specialist, Westchester County Toxicology Lab Lt. Joseph Rainone, Waterbury Police Department Sean C. Lonergan, Pilot/Police Officer, Westchester County Police Department Joseph P. Mancini W. Reid Lindsay, for passing on his vast knowledge of forensic photography. The NTSB Training Center Dr. Paul Schuda, NTSB Training Center Director at National Transportation Safety Board From Keith: My wife Kristen and children Kaitlyn and Alexis. From John: My wife Barbara and children Dominique, Ivan and Grier for their support and allowing me the opportunity to make this possible.
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