Fundamentals of Computer Programming with C

1122 Pages·2014·10.71 MB·English

by  Svetlin Nakov

Fundamentals of Computer Programming with C#
(The Bulgarian C# Programming Book)
by Svetlin Nakov & Co.

http://www.introprogramming.info

ISBN: 978-954-400-773-7
ISBN-13: 978-954-400-773-7 (9789544007737)
ISBN-10: 954-400-773-3 (9544007733)
Pages: 1122
Language: English
Published: Sofia, 2013

Tags: book; free book; ebook; e-book; programming; computer programming; programming concepts; programming principles; tutorial;
C#; data structures; algorithms; Intro C#; C# book; book C#; CSharp; CSharp book; programming book; book programming; textbook;
learn C#; study C#; learn programming; study programming; how to program; programmer; practical programming guide; software
engineer; software engineering; computer programming; software developer; software technologies; programming techniques; logical
thinking; algorithmic thinking; developer; software development; programming knowledge; programming skills; programming language;
basics of programming; presentations; presentation slides; coding; coder; source code; compiler; development tools; code decompiler;
JustDecompile; debugging code; debugger; Visual Studio; IDE; development environment; bug fixing; class library; API; C#; .NET; .NET
Framework; types; variables; operators; expressions; statements; value types; reference types; type conversion; console; console input;
console output; console application; conditional statements; if; if-else; switch-case; loops; whole; do-while; for loops; foreach; nested
loops; arrays; matrices; multidimensional arrays; numeral systems; binary numbers; decimal numbers; hexadecimal numbers;
representations of numbers; methods; method invocation; parameters; recursion; iteration; recursive algorithms; classes; objects; fields;
constructors; properties; static fields; static methods; static constructor; static members; namespaces; exceptions; exception handling;
stack trace; catch exception; throw exception; try-catch; try-finally; using statement; strings; text processing; StringBuilder; escaping;
System.String; regular expressions; string formatting; OOP; object-oriented programming; access modifiers; public; private; protected;
internal; this keyword; const fields; readonly fields; default constructor; implicit constructor; overloading; method overloading; constructor
overloading; automatic properties; read-only properties; constants; enumerations; inner classes; nested classes; generics; generic types;
generic methods; text files; streams; files; StreamReader; StreamWriter; data structures; ADT; abstract data structure; linear data
structures; list; linked list; static list; doubly-linked list; array list; stack; queue; deque; trees; graphs; binary tree; binary search tree;
balanced tree; balanced search tree; B-tree; red-black tree; tree traversal; ordered balanced search tree; graph representation; list of
edges; list of successors; adjacency matrix; depth-first search; DFS; breadth-first search; BFS; dictionary; hash table; associative array;
hash function; collision resolution; set; multi set; bag; multi bag; multi dictionary; algorithm complexity; asymptotic notation; time
complexity; memory complexity; execution time; performance; collection classes; .NET collections; Wintellect Power Collections; OOP;
principles; abstraction; encapsulation; polymorphism; abstract class; interface; operation contract; virtual method; method overriding;
cohesion; strong cohesion; coupling; loose coupling; spaghetti code; object-oriented modeling; UML; use-case diagram; sequence diagram;
statechart diagram; activity diagram; design patterns; singleton; factory method; code quality; high-quality code; code conventions; naming
identifiers; variable names; method names; naming classes; code formatting; high-quality classes; high-quality methods; variable scope;
variable span; variable lifetime; control-flow statements; defensive programming; assertions; code documentation; documentation; self-
documenting code; code refactoring; lambda expressions; LINQ; extension methods; anonymous types; LINQ queries; data filtering; data
searching; data sorting; data grouping; problem solving; problem solving methodology; problems and solutions; generating ideas; task
decomposition; algorithm efficiency; writing code; code testing; border cases testing; borderline cases; performance testing; regression
testing; exercises; problems; solutions; programming guidelines; programming problems; programming exercises; good programmer;
efficient programmer; pragmatic programmer; Nakov; Svetlin Nakov; Software Academy; Bulgaria; Bulgarian book; BG book; Bulgarian C#
book; Kolev; Vesselin Kolev; Dilyan Dimitrov; Hristo Germanov; Iliyan Murdanliev; Mihail Stoynov; Mihail Valkov; Mira Bivas; Nikolay
Kostov; Nikolay Nedyalkov; Nikolay Vassilev; Pavel Donchev; Pavlina Hadjieva; Radoslav Ivanov; Radoslav Kirilov; Radoslav Todorov;
Stanislav Zlatinov; Stefan Staev; Teodor Bozhikov; Teodor Stoev; Tsvyatko Konov; Vesselin Georgiev; Yordan Pavlov; Yosif Yosifov, ISBN
9789544007737, ISBN 9544007733, ISBN 978-954-400-773-7, ISBN 954-400-773-3

Book Front Cover
Contents
Contents .............................................................................................. 2
Detailed Table of Contents .................................................................. 5
Preface .............................................................................................. 13
Chapter 1. Introduction to Programming .......................................... 69
Chapter 2. Primitive Types and Variables ........................................ 111
Chapter 3. Operators and Expressions............................................. 139
Chapter 4. Console Input and Output .............................................. 165
Chapter 5. Conditional Statements .................................................. 195
Chapter 6. Loops ............................................................................. 211
Chapter 7. Arrays ............................................................................ 235
Chapter 8. Numeral Systems ........................................................... 265
Chapter 9. Methods ......................................................................... 293
Chapter 10. Recursion ..................................................................... 351
Chapter 11. Creating and Using Objects .......................................... 385
Chapter 12. Exception Handling ...................................................... 415
Chapter 13. Strings and Text Processing ......................................... 457
Chapter 14. Defining Classes ........................................................... 499
Chapter 15. Text Files...................................................................... 615
Chapter 16. Linear Data Structures ................................................. 641
Chapter 17. Trees and Graphs ......................................................... 681
Chapter 18. Dictionaries, Hash-Tables and Sets .............................. 727
Chapter 19. Data Structures and Algorithm Complexity .................. 769
Chapter 20. Object-Oriented Programming Principles ..................... 807
Chapter 21. High-Quality Programming Code .................................. 853
Chapter 22. Lambda Expressions and LINQ ..................................... 915
Chapter 23. Methodology of Problem Solving .................................. 935
Chapter 24. Sample Programming Exam – Topic #1 ........................ 985
Chapter 25. Sample Programming Exam – Topic #2 ...................... 1041
Chapter 26. Sample Programming Exam – Topic #3 ...................... 1071
Conclusion ..................................................................................... 1119
F
UNDAMENTALS OF
C P
OMPUTER ROGRAMMING
C#
WITH
(The Bulgarian C# Programming Book)
Svetlin Nakov & Co.

Dilyan Dimitrov Radoslav Kirilov
Hristo Germanov Radoslav Todorov
Iliyan Murdanliev Stanislav Zlatinov
Mihail Stoynov Stefan Staev
Mihail Valkov Svetlin Nakov
Mira Bivas Teodor Bozhikov
Nikolay Kostov Teodor Stoev
Nikolay Nedyalkov Tsvyatko Konov
Nikolay Vasilev Vesselin Georgiev
Pavel Donchev Veselin Kolev
Pavlina Hadjieva Yordan Pavlov
Radoslav Ivanov Yosif Yosifov
Sofia, 2013
F C
UNDAMENTALS OF OMPUTER
P C#
ROGRAMMING WITH
(The Bulgarian C# Programming Book)

© Svetlin Nakov & Co., 2013

The book is distributed freely under the following license conditions:
1. Book readers (users) may:
- distribute free of charge unaltered copies of the book in electronic or
paper format;
- use portions of the book and the source code examples or their
modifications, for all intents and purposes, including educational and
commercial projects, provided they clearly specify the original source,
the original author(s) of the corresponding text or source code, this
license and the website www.introprogramming.info;
- distribute free of charge portions of the book or modified copies of it
(including translating the book into other languages or adapting it to
other programming languages and platforms), but only by explicitly
mentioning the original source and the authors of the corresponding
text, source code or other material, this license and the official website
of the project: www.introprogramming.info.
2. Book readers (users) may NOT:
- distribute for profit the book or portions of it, with the exception of the
source code;
- remove this license from the book when modifying it for own needs.
All trademarks referenced in this book are the property of their respective
owners.

Official Web Site:
http://www.introprogramming.info

ISBN 978-954-400-773-7
Detailed Table of Contents
Contents .............................................................................................. 2
Detailed Table of Contents .................................................................. 5
Preface .............................................................................................. 13
About the Book .......................................................................................... 13
C# and .NET Framework .............................................................................. 17
How То Read This Book? .............................................................................. 22
Why Are Data Structures and Algorithms Emphasized? ...................................... 25
Do You Really Want to Become a Programmer?................................................ 26
A Look at the Book’s Contents ...................................................................... 29
History: How Did This Book Come to Be? ........................................................ 38
Authors and Contributors ............................................................................. 40
The Book Is Free of Charge! ......................................................................... 53
Reviews .................................................................................................... 53
License ..................................................................................................... 63
Resources Coming with the Book ................................................................... 65
Chapter 1. Introduction to Programming .......................................... 69
In This Chapter .......................................................................................... 69
What Does It Mean "To Program"? ................................................................. 69
Stages in Software Development ................................................................... 71
Our First C# Program .................................................................................. 75
The C# Language and the .NET Platform ........................................................ 79
Visual Studio IDE ........................................................................................ 93
Alternatives to Visual Studio ....................................................................... 104
Decompiling Code ..................................................................................... 104
C# in Linux, iOS and Android ...................................................................... 107
Other .NET Languages ............................................................................... 107
Exercises................................................................................................. 108
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 108
Chapter 2. Primitive Types and Variables ........................................ 111
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 111
What Is a Variable? ................................................................................... 111
Data Types .............................................................................................. 111
Variables ................................................................................................. 123
Value and Reference Types ........................................................................ 128
Literals ................................................................................................... 131
6 Fundamentals of Computer Programming with C#
Exercises................................................................................................. 135
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 136
Chapter 3. Operators and Expressions............................................. 139
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 139
Operators ................................................................................................ 139
Type Conversion and Casting ...................................................................... 152
Expressions ............................................................................................. 158
Exercises................................................................................................. 160
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 161
Chapter 4. Console Input and Output .............................................. 165
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 165
What Is the Console? ................................................................................ 165
Standard Input-Output .............................................................................. 169
Printing to the Console .............................................................................. 169
Console Input .......................................................................................... 183
Console Input and Output – Examples .......................................................... 190
Exercises................................................................................................. 192
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 193
Chapter 5. Conditional Statements .................................................. 195
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 195
Comparison Operators and Boolean Expressions ............................................ 195
Conditional Statements "if" and "if-else" ....................................................... 200
Conditional Statement "switch-case" ............................................................ 206
Exercises................................................................................................. 208
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 209
Chapter 6. Loops ............................................................................. 211
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 211
What Is a "Loop"? ..................................................................................... 211
While Loops ............................................................................................. 211
Do-While Loops ........................................................................................ 216
For Loops ................................................................................................ 221
Foreach Loops .......................................................................................... 225
Nested Loops ........................................................................................... 226
Exercises................................................................................................. 231
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 233
Chapter 7. Arrays ............................................................................ 235
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 235
What Is an "Array"? .................................................................................. 235
Declaration and Allocation of Memory for Arrays ............................................ 235
Access to the Elements of an Array .............................................................. 238
Reading an Array from the Console .............................................................. 241
Detailed Table of Contents 7
Printing an Array to the Console .................................................................. 243
Iteration through Elements of an Array......................................................... 244
Multidimensional Arrays ............................................................................. 246
Arrays of Arrays ....................................................................................... 253
Exercises................................................................................................. 257
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 259
Chapter 8. Numeral Systems ........................................................... 265
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 265
History in a Nutshell .................................................................................. 265
Numeral Systems ..................................................................................... 266
Representation of Numbers ........................................................................ 276
Exercises................................................................................................. 289
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 290
Chapter 9. Methods ......................................................................... 293
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 293
Subroutines in Programming ...................................................................... 293
What Is a "Method"? ................................................................................. 293
Why to Use Methods? ................................................................................ 294
How to Declare, Implement and Invoke a Method? ......................................... 295
Declaring Our Own Method ......................................................................... 295
Implementation (Creation) of Own Method .................................................... 300
Invoking a Method .................................................................................... 301
Parameters in Methods .............................................................................. 303
Returning a Result from a Method ............................................................... 328
Best Practices when Using Methods.............................................................. 345
Exercises................................................................................................. 347
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 348
Chapter 10. Recursion ..................................................................... 351
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 351
What Is Recursion? ................................................................................... 351
Example of Recursion ................................................................................ 351
Direct and Indirect Recursion ...................................................................... 352
Bottom of Recursion .................................................................................. 352
Creating Recursive Methods ....................................................................... 352
Recursive Calculation of Factorial ................................................................ 353
Recursion or Iteration? .............................................................................. 355
Simulation of N Nested Loops ..................................................................... 356
Which is Better: Recursion or Iteration?........................................................ 362
Using Recursion – Conclusions .................................................................... 378
Exercises................................................................................................. 378
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 380
Chapter 11. Creating and Using Objects .......................................... 385
8 Fundamentals of Computer Programming with C#
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 385
Classes and Objects .................................................................................. 385
Classes in C# ........................................................................................... 387
Creating and Using Objects ........................................................................ 390
Namespaces ............................................................................................ 405
Exercises................................................................................................. 410
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 412
Chapter 12. Exception Handling ...................................................... 415
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 415
What Is an Exception? ............................................................................... 415
Exceptions Hierarchy ................................................................................. 424
Throwing and Catching Exceptions ............................................................... 426
The try-finally Construct ............................................................................ 432
IDisposable and the "using" Statement ......................................................... 437
Advantages of Using Exceptions .................................................................. 439
Best Practices when Using Exceptions .......................................................... 445
Exercises................................................................................................. 453
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 454
Chapter 13. Strings and Text Processing ......................................... 457
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 457
Strings.................................................................................................... 457
Strings Operations .................................................................................... 462
Constructing Strings: the StringBuilder Class ................................................. 480
String Formatting ..................................................................................... 488
Exercises................................................................................................. 491
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 496
Chapter 14. Defining Classes ........................................................... 499
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 499
Custom Classes ........................................................................................ 499
Usage of Class and Objects ........................................................................ 502
Organizing Classes in Files and Namespaces .................................................. 505
Modifiers and Access Levels (Visibility) ......................................................... 508
Declaring Classes ..................................................................................... 509
The Reserved Word "this" .......................................................................... 511
Fields ..................................................................................................... 512
Methods .................................................................................................. 518
Accessing Non-Static Data of the Class ......................................................... 519
Hiding Fields with Local Variables ................................................................ 522
Visibility of Fields and Methods.................................................................... 524
Constructors ............................................................................................ 531
Properties ............................................................................................... 549
Static Classes and Static Members ............................................................... 559
Detailed Table of Contents 9
Structures ............................................................................................... 580
Enumerations .......................................................................................... 584
Inner Classes (Nested Classes) ................................................................... 590
Generics ................................................................................................. 594
Exercises................................................................................................. 610
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 613
Chapter 15. Text Files...................................................................... 615
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 615
Streams .................................................................................................. 615
Reading from a Text File ............................................................................ 620
Writing to a Text File ................................................................................. 628
Input / Output Exception Handling ............................................................... 630
Text Files – More Examples ........................................................................ 631
Exercises................................................................................................. 636
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 638
Chapter 16. Linear Data Structures ................................................. 641
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 641
Abstract Data Structures ............................................................................ 641
List Data Structures .................................................................................. 642
Exercises................................................................................................. 676
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 678
Chapter 17. Trees and Graphs ......................................................... 681
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 681
Tree Data Structures ................................................................................. 681
Trees ...................................................................................................... 681
Graphs ................................................................................................... 714
Exercises................................................................................................. 722
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 723
Chapter 18. Dictionaries, Hash-Tables and Sets .............................. 727
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 727
Dictionary Data Structure........................................................................... 727
Hash-Tables ............................................................................................ 735
The "Set" Data Structure ........................................................................... 760
Exercises................................................................................................. 765
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 767
Chapter 19. Data Structures and Algorithm Complexity .................. 769
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 769
Why Are Data Structures So Important? ....................................................... 769
Algorithm Complexity ................................................................................ 770
Comparison between Basic Data Structures ................................................... 779
When to Use a Particular Data Structure? ..................................................... 779
10 Fundamentals of Computer Programming with C#
Choosing a Data Structure – Examples ......................................................... 786
External Libraries with .NET Collections ........................................................ 801
Exercises................................................................................................. 803
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 804
Chapter 20. Object-Oriented Programming Principles ..................... 807
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 807
Let’s Review: Classes and Objects ............................................................... 807
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) ........................................................... 807
Fundamental Principles of OOP .................................................................... 808
Inheritance .............................................................................................. 809
Abstraction .............................................................................................. 824
Encapsulation .......................................................................................... 828
Polymorphism .......................................................................................... 830
Cohesion and Coupling .............................................................................. 836
Object-Oriented Modeling (OOM) ................................................................. 842
UML Notation ........................................................................................... 844
Design Patterns ........................................................................................ 847
Exercises................................................................................................. 851
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 852
Chapter 21. High-Quality Programming Code .................................. 853
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 853
Why Is Code Quality Important? ................................................................. 853
What Does Quality Programming Code Mean? ................................................ 854
Why Should We Write Quality Code? ............................................................ 854
Identifier Naming ..................................................................................... 857
Code Formatting ....................................................................................... 866
High-Quality Classes ................................................................................. 874
High-Quality Methods ................................................................................ 878
Proper Use of Variables .............................................................................. 883
Proper Use of Expressions .......................................................................... 890
Use of Constants ...................................................................................... 891
Proper Use of Control Flow Statements ......................................................... 894
Defensive Programming ............................................................................. 898
Code Documentation ................................................................................. 900
Code Refactoring ...................................................................................... 904
Unit Testing ............................................................................................. 905
Additional Resources ................................................................................. 912
Exercises................................................................................................. 912
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 913
Chapter 22. Lambda Expressions and LINQ ..................................... 915
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 915
Extension Methods .................................................................................... 915