Fundamentals of applied entomology

705 Pages·1971·107.76 MB·English

by  Pfadt

Fundamentals
of Applied
Entomology
FUNDAMEN0T1A LS
WithC haptebrys
CHRISTIAN C. BURKHARDT University of Wyoming• HUAI C. CHIANG
University of Minnesota• W. DON FRONK Colorado State University• DEANE P.
FURMAN University of California at Berkeley • ROBERT F. HARWOOD Washington
State University• B. AUSTIN HAWS Utah State University• CARL JOHANSEN
Washington State University • JOHN A. NAEGELE University of Massachusetts •
JOHN V. 0 SM UN Purdue University • ROBE RT Ei. PF AD T University of Wyoming •
WILLIAM M. ROGOFF USDA Entomology Research Division • DONALD A.
WILBUR Kansas State University
~PPLIEEDN TOMOLOGY
SECOND EDITION
Editebdy
RoberEt .P fadt
PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY
University of Wyoming
MACMILLAN PUBLISHING CO., INC.
NewYork
COLLIER MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS
London
Copyright© 1971, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.
Printed in the United States of America
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording,
or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the Publisher.
Earlier edition© 1962 by Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.
Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.
866 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10022
Collier-Macmillan Canada, Ltd., Toronto, Ontario
Library of Congress catalog card number: 73-133562
Printing 89 Year 789
Preface
to the SecondE dition
The present edition has attempted to incorporate recent research, to update
information in all chapters, and to expand several important topics. The
major addition is a new chapter entitled Insects and Their Environment. Because
of the greater emphasis currently placed on pest management and its relation
ship to natural and biological control we are of the opinion that students of
applied entomology require a background of insect ecology, even if small, to
appreciate the ideas and principles of integrated control and the ecosystem
approach to the control of arthropod pests.
In Chapter 1, Insects and Man, we have added sections on the organization
and functions of three divisions of the USDA which are directly concerned with
the field of applied entomology-the Plant Protection Division, the Plant
Quarantine Division, and the Pesticides Regulation Division.
In Chapter 4, Classification of Insects and Their Relatives, we have added
illustrated keys to the orders of insects, to the major orders of Arachnida, and
to major families of insects and Acarina. The thought behind this addition was
that beginning students of applied entomology need a simple introduction to
the use of keys.
Recently much study and research has gone into the concept of integrated
control. We have added sections on this subject in Chapter 6, Principles of
Insect Control, Chapter 14, Insect Pests of Tree Fruits, and Chapter 15, Insect
Pests of Small Fruits.
We are indebted to many colleagues for supplying information and illustra
tions, for reviewing chapters or parts of chapters, and for their kind encourage
ment to complete this revision.
V
We especially wish to acknowledge the professional assistance of the follow
ing people.
Chapter I. Insects and Man: James Dutton, W. R. Forsyth, J. W. Gentry,
Harry W. Hays, F. A. Johnston, M. D. Levin, K. L. Maehler, D. P.
Pielou, D. R. Shepherd, C. W. Shockley, R. B. Thrailkill, and R. 0.
White.
Chapter 2. Insect Structure and Function: Roger D. Akre and Carl Johansen.
Chapter 3. Insect Growth: Roger D. Akre and Carl Johansen.
Chapter 4. Classification of Insects and Their Relatives: Roger D. Akre,
M. T. James, E.W. Baker, W. B. Owen, and Jean Chu.
Chapter 5. Insects and Their Environment: A. C. Hodson, A. A. Berryman,
M. W. McFadden, and Carl Johansen.
Chapter 6. Principles of Insect Control: Roger D. Akre.
Chapter 7. Chemical Control: John E. Lloyd.
Chapter 8. Insecticide Application Equipment: John E. Lloyd.
Chapter 9. Insect Pests of Small Grains: C. C. Burkhardt.
Chapter 11. Insects of Legumes: C. C. Blickenstaff.
Chapter 12. Insect Pests of Cotton: David F. Young, Jr., and C.R. Parencia.
Chapter 18. Household Insects: Delmar Broersma.
Chapter 19. Livestock Insects and Related Pests: John E. Lloyd.
Chapter 21. Insects of Medical Importance: Robert F. Harwood.
R.E.P.
I
vi PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
Preface
to the First Edition
As insecticides and methods of control mushroom in number and variety and
as our store of information on the biology of both destructive and beneficial
insects grows, the study of applied entomology tends to encompass greater
masses of data-far greater than any teacher can present and any student can
assimilate in a single course. To overcome the difficulty of so much specific
information, the authors have attempted to write a text based on principles.
Since many instructors offer service courses to agricultural students who
have had no previous training in entomology, the first part of this book presents
modern summaries on insect structure, function, growth, and classification.
These topics consist of information essential for any student who has an interest
in safeguarding from insect attack all man's possessions-his crops, his livestock
and their feed and shelter, his own food and clothing, and his home.
After these basic subjects we include chapters on the principles of insect
control, insecticides, and application equipment to provide the student with a
general concept of how to combat destructive insects.
Then we discuss in separate "host" chapters the details of how growers
protect various crops, livestock, stored grain, and other properties from insects
and related pests. Rather than treat each individual pest that affects a host
this would certainly be too lengthy-we summarize and generalize by first
presenting a list of the important pests of a given host, then the nature of their
injury, methods of cultural control, biological control where applicable,
chemical control, and finally the kinds of insecticide application equipment
suitable for treating the host.
vii
In each host chapter we treat in detail four or more representative pests.
These we have selected on the basis of their importance to the crop, their
distribution, and their usefulness in illustrating different kinds of injury,
life cycles, and control methods. Although the selected pests may not cover all
the instructor wishes his students to study, he can readily assign others for
library research or present them in lecture.
To keep this text within reasonable limits it has been necessary to delete
much detailed information, to reduce the number of hosts covered, and to
focus on basic principles. We feel this has been a difficult but wise decision, and
that the material included will provide the student with an adequate background
in applied entomology and with an understanding and appreciation of the
principles of insect control.
Because common names of insects are becoming quite familiar to both
farmers and students of agriculture and are generally accepted by entomologists,
we have resorted to such names extensively in this text. For the most part, the
list of common names of insects approved by the Entomological Society of
America has been followed. Some common names used here have not been
acted upon or approved. In order to provide the student with a reference to
corresponding scientific names, we have included an appendix which lists the
common-scientific names of all insects and mites noted in this book. For names
of mites of veterinary importance, we have not necessarily followed the ap
proved list, but rather the recent publications of Gordon K. Sweatman and of
E. W. Baker et al.
In describing the size of insects and mites we have used both U.S. linear
and metric measures (inch and millimeter), whichever seemed most appropriate
and easiest for the student to comprehend.
We are grateful for the help and encouragement given to us by many col
leagues and friends who have supplied us with illustrations and have reviewed
our manuscripts. We especially wish to acknowledge the entomologists who
have read the following chapters: Drs. Leigh Chadwick and Maurice T.
James (Chapter 2); Dr. Maurice T. James (Chapter 3); Drs. Maurice T. James
and R. W. Strandtmann (Chapter4); Dr. H. S. Telford and Mr. H.B. Busdicker
(Chapter 5); Dr. Reginald H. Painter and Mr. Roy Pickford (Chapter 8);
Professors R. T. Everly and G. E. Gould and Mr. Harold H. Dodge and Mr.
B. J. Fitzgerald (Chapter 9); Dr. Dial Martin (Chapter 11); Dr. Leland G.
Merrill, Jr. (Chapter 12); Mr. E. J. Newcomer (Chapter 13); Mr. B. J. Landis
(Chapter 14); and Dr. H. 0. Deay (Chapter 17). Dr. H. C. Chiang reviewed the
section on the European corn borer and Mr. John A. Begg the section on the
black cutworm. Dr. Robert Lavigne read several chapters, while he and the
editor traveled together investigating the ecology of grasshoppers. We also
wish to thank Dr. W.W. Middlekauff for his help in checking scientific names,
and Dr. Jean L. Laffoon for bringing us up to date on common names. Thanks
are also due Mr. James Bebermeyer of the Wyoming University Agricultural
Information Office who gave freely of his time in advising on editorial matters.
R. E.P.
viii I PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
Contents
Chapter
Insects and Man I Robert E. Pfadt
Insect Structure and Function [ Robert F. Harwood 29
Insect Growth [ Robert F. Harwood 69
Classification of Insects and Their Relatives Carl Johansen 87
Insects and Their Environment [ H. C. Chiang 137
Principles of Insect Control [ Carl Johansen 171
Chemical Control [ W. Don Fronk 191
Insecticide Application Equipment [ W. Don Fronk 219
Insect Pests of Small Grains [ Robert£. Pfadt 243
Insect Pests of Corn [ C. C. Burkhardt 281
Insects of Legumes [ B. Austin Haws and C. C. Burkhardt 313
Insect Pests of Cotton [ Robert E. Pfadt 343
ix