FUNDAMENTALS OF APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETICS 6/e

513 Pages·2011·35.49 MB·English

FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
CONSTANT SYMBOL VALUE
speed of light in vacuum c 2.998 x 108 ~ 3 x 108m/s
gravitational constant G 6.67 x 10-11 N·m2/kg2
Boltzmann's constant K 1.38 x 10-23 J/K
elementary charge e 1.60 x 10-19 C
permittivity of free space EO 8.85 x 10-12::::: 3JJr x 10-9 F/m
permeability of free space /-to 4n x 10-7 Him
electron mass me 9.11 x 10-31 kg
proton mass 1.67 x 10-27 kg
mp
Planck's constant h 6.63 x 10-34 J·s
n
intrinsic impedance of free space r]() 376.7 ~ 120n
MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS
Gauss's law V·D = a;
aB
Faraday's law VxE=--
at
Gauss's law for magnetism
an
Ampere's law VxH=J+- at
MULTIPLE & SUBMULTIPLE PREFIXES
PREFIX SYMBOL MAGNITUDE PREFIX SYMBOL MAGNITUDE
exa E 1018 milli m 10-3
peta P 1015 micro J1 10-6
tera T 1012 nano n 10-9
giga G 109 pico P 10-12
mega M 106 femto f 10-15
kilo k 103 atto a 10-18
W
hen this book in draft form, each student was asked to write a brief statement describing his or her
understanding of what role electromagnetics plays in science, technology, and society. The following
statement, submitted by Mr. Schaldenbrand, was selected for inclusion here:
Electromagnetics has done more than just help science. Since we have such advanced
communications, our understanding of other nations and nationalities has increased exponentially.
This understanding has led and will lead thegovernments ofthe world towork towards global peace.
The more knowledge we have about different cultures, the lessforeign these cultures will seem. A
global kinship will result, and the by-product will be harmony. Understanding is thefirst step, and
communication is the means. Electromagnetics holds the key to this communication, and therefore
isan important subject for not only science, but also the sake of humanity.
Mike Schaldenbrand, 1994
The University of Michigan
SOME USEFUL VECTOR IDENTITIES
e
A .B = ABcos AB Scalar (or dot) product
A x B = nAB sin8AB Vector (or cross) product. it normal to plane containing A and B
A .(B x C) =B .(C x A) =C .(A x B)
A x (B x C) =B(A .C) - C(A x B)
+ +
V(U V) = VU VV
VevV) = UVV + VVU
v . + +
(A B) = V .A V .B
+
V .evA) = UV· A A· VU
+
V x (UA) = UV x A VU x A
+ +
V x (A B) = V x A V x B
V· (A x B) =B· (V x A) - A .(V x B)
V .(V x A) =0
VxVV=O
V x V x A = V(V .A) - V2A
/ (V .A) dv =fA. ds Divergence theorem (s encloses V)
V 5
/ (V x A) .ds=fA. dl Stukes's theorem (S bounded by C)
s c
FUNDAMENTALS OF
APPLIED
ELECTROMAGNETICS
6/e
Fawwaz T. Ulaby
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Eric Michielssen
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
UrnbertoRavaioli
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
PEARSON
Upper Saddle River . Boston . Columbus . San Francisco . New York . Amsterdam
Cape Town . Dubai . London . Madrid . Milan . Munich . Paris . Montreal . Toronto
Delhi· Mexico City· Sao Paulo· Sydney. Hong Kong. Seoul· Singapore· Taipei· Tokyo
Preface to 6/e
Building on the core content and style of its predecessor, New tothis edition
this sixth edition (6/e) ofApplied Electromagnetics introduces
• A set of 42 CD-interactive simulation modules
new features designed to help students develop a deeper
understandi ng of electromagnetic concepts and applications. • New/updated Technology Briefs
Prominent among them is a set of 42 CD simulation modules
• Full-color figures and images
that allow the user to interactively analyze and design
transrnission line circuits; generate spatial patterns of the • New/updated end-of-chapter problems
electric and magnetic fields induced by charges and currents;
• Updated bibliography
visualize in 2-D and 3-D space how the gradient, divergence,
and curl operate on spatial functions; observe the temporal and Acknowledgments
spatial waveforms of plane waves propagating in lossless and
As authors, we were blessed to have worked on this book
lossy media; calculate and display field distributions inside
with the best team of professionals: Richard Carnes, Leland
a rectangular waveguide; and generate radiation patterns for
Pierce, Janice Richards, Rose Kernan, andPaul Mailhot. Weare
linear antennas and parabolic dishes. These are valuable
exceedingly grateful for their superb support and unwavering
learning tools; we encourage students to use them and urge
dedication to theproject.
instructors to incorporate them into their lecture materials and
homework assignments.
We enjoyed working on this book. We hope you enjoy
Additionally, byprinting this newedition infullcolor, graphs
learning from it.
and illustrations now more efficiently convey core concepts,
and by expanding the scope of topics oftheTechnology Briefs,
additional bridges between electromagnetic fundamentals and FAWWAZ T. ULABY
their counLless engineering and scientific applications are
ERIC MICHIELSSEN
established. In summary:
UMBERTO RAVAIOLJ
6 PREFACE
Excerpts From the Preface to the Fifth
learn about wave motion, the reflection and transmission
Edition of power, phasors. impedance matching, and many of the
properties of wave propagation in a guided structure. All of
CONTENT these newly learned concepts will prove invaluable later (in
Chapters 7 through 9) and will facilitate the learning of how
The book begins by building abridge between what should be plane waves propagate in free space and in material media.
familiar to a third-year electrical engineering student and the
Transmission lines arecovered inChapter 2, which ispreceded
electromagnetics (EM) material covered in the book. Prior
in Chapter I with reviews of complex numbers and phasor
to enrolling in an EM course. a typical student will have
analysis.
taken one or more courses in circuits. He or she should
be familiar with circuit analysis, Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's The nextpart ofthe book, contained inChapters 3through 5,
current and voltage laws, and related topics. Transmission covers vector analysis, electrostatics, and magnetostatics. The
lines constitute a natural bridge between electric circuits electrostatics chapter begins with Maxwell's equations for the
and e1ectromagnetics. Without having to deal with vectors time-varying case, which are then specialized to electrostatics
or fields, the student uses already familiar concepts to and magnetostatics, thereby providing the student with an
Suggested Syllabi
Two-Semester Syllabus One-Semester Syllabus
6credits (42 contact hours per semester) 4credits (56 contact hours)
Chapter Sections Hours Sections Hours
1 Introduction: All 4 All 4
Waves and Phasors
2 Transmission Lines All 12 2-1 to 2-8 and 2-11 8
3 Vector Analysis All 8 All 8
4 Electrostatics All 8 4-1 to 4-10 6
5 Magnetostatics All 7 5-1 to 5-5 and 5-7 to 5-8 5
Exams 3 2
Total for first semester 42
6 Maxwell's Equations All 6 6-1 to 6-3, and 6-6 3
forTime-Varying Fields
7 Plane-wave Propagation All 7 7-1 to 7-4, and 7-6 6
8 Wave Reflection All 9 8-1 to 8-3, and 8-6 7
and Transmission
9 Radiation and Antennas All 10 9-1 to 9-6 6
10 Satellite Communication All 5 None -
Systems and Radar Sensors
Exams 3 I
Total for second semester 40 Total 56
Extra Hours 2 0
PREFACE 7
overall framework for what is to come and showing him or ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
her why electrostatics and magnetostatics are special cases of
Mysincere gratitude goes toRoger DeRoo, Richard Carnes and
the more general time-varying case.
Jim Ryan. I am indebted to Roger DeRoo for his painstaking
Chapter 6 deals with time-varying fields and sets the
review of several drafts of the manuscript. Richard Carnes
stage for the material in Chapters 7 through 9. Chapter 7
is unquestionably the best technical typist I have ever worked
covers plane-wave propagation in dielectric and conducting
with; his mastery of IbTEX,coupled with his attention to detail,
media, and Chapter 8 covers reflection and transmission at
made itpossible to arrange the material in a clear and smooth
discontinuous boundaries and introduces the student to fiber
format. The artwork was done by Jim Ryan, who skillfully
optics, waveguides and resonators.
transformed my rough sketches into drawings that are both
In Chapter 9, the student is introduced to the principles of
professional looking and esthetically pleasing. I am also
radiation bycurrents flowing inwires, such asdipoles, aswellas
grateful to the following graduate students for reading through
~oradiation by apertures, such as ahorn antenna or an opening
parts or all of the manuscript and for helping me with the
in an opaque screen illuminated by alight source.
solutions manual: Bryan Hauck, Yanni Kouskoulas, and Paul
Togive the student ataste ofthe wide-ranging applications of
Siqueira.
electromagnetics in today's technological society, Chapter 10
Special thanks are due to the reviewers for their valuable
concludes the book with overview presentations of two system
comments and suggestions. They include Constantine Balanis
examples: satellite communication systems and radar sensors.
of Arizona State University, Harold Mott of the University of
The material in this book was written for a two-semester
Alabama. David Pozar ofthe University ofMassachusetts, S.N.
sequence of six credits, but it is possible to trim it down to
Prasad of Bradley University, Robert Bond of New Mexico
generate a syllabus for aone-semester four-credit course. The
Institute of Technology, Mark Robinson of the University of
accompanying table provides syllabi for each of these two
Colorado atColorado Springs, and Raj Mittra ofthe University
options.
of Illinois. I appreciate the dedicated efforts of the staff at
Prentice Hall and I am grateful for their help in shepherding
MESSAGE TO THE STUDENT
this project through the publication process in a very timely
The interactive CD-ROM accompanying this book was manner. l also would like to thank Mr. Ralph Pescatore for
developed with you, the student, inmind. Takethetime touse it copy-editing the manuscript.
inconjunction with the material inthe textbook. The multiple-
window feature of electronic displays makes it possible to
design interactive modules with "help" buttons to guide the FAWWAZ T ULAllY
student through the solution of aproblem when needed. Video
animations can show you how fields and waves propagate in
time and space, how the beam ofan antenna array can be made
to scan electronically, and examples of how current is induced
in a circuit under the influence of a changing magnetic field.
The CD-ROM isauseful resource for self-study. Use it!
List of Technology Briefs
TB1 LED Lighting 44 TB10 Electromagnets 264
TB2 Solar Cells 53 TB11 Inductive Sensors 284
TB3 Microwave Ovens 92 TB12 EMF Sensors 310
TB4 EM Cancer Zappers 131 TB13 RFID Systems 335
TB5 Global Positioning System 158 TB14 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 345
TB6 X-Ray Computed Tomography 173 TB15 Lasers 378
TB7 Resistive Sensors 212 TB16 Bar-Code Readers 390
TB8 Supercapacitors as Batteries 228 TB17 Health Risks of EM Fields 434
TB9 Capacitive Sensors 234
Contents
Preface 5 TB1 LED Lighting 44
1-7 Review of Phasors 49
Photo Credits 13
1-7.1 Solution Procedure 50
Chapter 1 Introduction: Waves and 15 1-7.2 Traveling Waves inthe Phasor 52
Domain
Phasors
TB2 Solar Cells 53
1-1 Historical Timeline 17
1-1.1 EM in the Classical Era 17 Chapter 2 Transmission Lines 61
1-1.2 EM in the Modern Era 17
2-1 General Considerations 62
1-2 Dimensions, Units, and Notation 19
2-1.1 The Role of Wavelength 62
1-3 The Nature of Electromagnetism 26
1-3.1 The Gravitational Force: A Useful 26 2-1.2 Propagation Modes 64
Analogue 2-2 Lumped-Element Model 65
1-3.2 Electric Fields 27 2-3 Transmission-Line Equations 69
1-3.3 Magnetic Fields 29 2-4 Wave Propagation on aTransmission 70
1-3.4 Static and Dynamic Fields 30 Line
1-4 Traveling Waves 32 2-5 The Lossless Microstrip Line 75
1-4.1 Sinusoidal Waves in a Lossless 33 2-6 The Lossless Transmission Line: 79
Medium General Considerations
1-4.2 Sinusoidal Waves in a Lossy 37 2-6.1 Voltage Reflection Coefficient 80
Medium 2-6.2 Standing Waves 83
1-5 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 40
2-7 Wave Impedance ofthe Lossless Line 88
1-6 Review of Complex Numbers 41
TB3 Microwave Ovens 92