Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, Global Edition

1306 Pages·2018·86.02 MB·english

by  Bartholomew

GLOBAL GLOBAL
EDITION EDITION
For these Global Editions, the editorial team at Pearson has
collaborated with educators across the world to address a wide range
of subjects and requirements, equipping students with the best possible A
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This is a special edition of an established title widely
used by colleges and universities throughout the world.
Pearson published this exclusive edition for the benefit
of students outside the United States and Canada. If you
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Pearson Global Edition
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+
Chapters Clinical Cases
1 An Introduction to Anatomy SmartArt Homeostatic Regulation Using A&P to Save a Life 48
and Physiology 47
2 The Chemical Level of Organization 73 What Is Wrong with My Baby? 74
3 The Cellular Level SmartArt Protein Synthesis: Transcription The Beat Must Go On! 112
of Organization Protein Synthesis: Translation 111
4 The Tissue Level of Organization 160 The Rubber Girl 161
5 The Integumentary System 198 He Has Fish Skin! 199
6 Bones and Bone Structure SmartArt Endochondral Ossification 226 A Case of Child Abuse? 227
The Hormones Regulating
Calcium Ion Metabolism
7 The Axial Skeleton 254 Knocked Out 255
8 The Appendicular Skeleton 289 Timber!! 290
9 Joints 311 What’s the Matter with the Birthday Girl? 312
10 Muscle Tissue SmartArt Motor Units and Recruitment 337 Keep on Keepin’ on 338
Anaerobic vs Aerobic Production of ATP
11 The Muscular System 382 Downward-Facing Dog 383
12 Nervous Tissue 435 Did President Franklin D. Roosevelt Really
Have Polio? 436
13 The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, SmartArt The Reflex Arc Prom Night 480
and Spinal Reflexes 479
14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves 511 The Neuroanatomist’s Stroke 512
15 Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System 558 Living with Cerebral Palsy 559
16 The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions 581 Remember Me? 582
17 The Special Senses 611 A Chance to See 612
18 The Endocrine System SmartArt The Pancreas and Regulation 656 Stones, Bones, and Groans 657
of Blood Glucose
19 Blood 702 Crisis in the Blood 703
20 The Heart S martArt The Cardiac Cycle 734 A Needle to the Chest 735
The Conducting System of the Heart
21 Blood Vessels and Circulation 773 Did Ancient Mummies Have Atherosclerosis? 774
22 The Lymphatic System and Immunity SmartArt The Immune Response 831 Isn’t There a Vaccine for That? 832
23 The Respiratory System SmartArt Partial Pressures 880 No Rest for the Weary 881
24 The Digestive System SmartArt Structure and Function 930 An Unusual Transplant 931
of the Liver Lobule
25 Metabolism, Nutrition, and Energetics 985 The Miracle Supplement 986
26 The Urinary System SmartArt Structure of the Nephron 1022 A Case of “Hidden” Bleeding 1023
27 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance 1067 When Treatment Makes You Worse 1068
28 The Reproductive System 1101 And Baby Makes Three? 1102
29 Development and Inheritance 1149 The Twins That Looked Nothing Alike 1150
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Spotlight Figures
1–2  Levels of Organization
2–4  Chemical Notation
3–1  Anatomy of a Model Cell 3–7  Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Packaging 3–22  Overview of Membrane Transport
3–23  Stages of a Cell’s Life Cycle 3–24  DNA Replication
4–21  Inflammation and Regeneration
5–3  The Epidermis
6–11  Endochondral Ossification 6–17  Types of Fractures and Steps in Repair
7–4  Sectional Anatomy of the Skull
8–14  Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton
9–2  Joint Movement
10–10  Events at the Neuromuscular Junction 10–11  Excitation-Contraction Coupling
10–12  The Contraction Cycle and Cross-Bridge Formation
11–3  Muscle Action
12–8  Processes that Produce the Resting Membrane Potential 12–13  Generation of an Action Potential
12–14  Propagation of an Action Potential
13–8  Structure, Function, and the Peripheral Distribution of Spinal Nerves (T – L) 13–14  Spinal Reflexes
1 2
14–4  Formation and Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid
15–8  Somatic Sensory Pathways
16–2  The Autonomic Nervous System
17–2  Olfaction and Gustation 17–13  Refractive Problems 17–16  Photoreception
18–2  Structural Classification of Hormones 18–3  G Proteins and Second Messengers 18–18  Diabetes Mellitus
18–20  The General Adaptation Syndrome
19–1  The Composition of Whole Blood 19–8  Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
20–9  Heart Disease and Heart Attacks 20–13  Cardiac Arrhythmias
21–33  Congenital Heart Problems
22–21  Cytokines of the Immune System
23–13  Pulmonary Ventilation 23–25  Control of Respiration
24–15  The Regulation of Gastric Activity 24–27  The Chemical Events of Digestion
25–4  The Electron Transport Chain and ATP Formation 25–10  Absorptive and Postabsorptive States
26–16  Summary of Renal Function
27–18  The Diagnosis of Acid–Base Disorders
28–12  Hormonal Regulation of Male Reproduction 28–24  Hormonal Regulation of Female Reproduction
29–5  Extra-embryonic Membranes and Placenta Formation
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Get Ready for a Whole
New Mastering Experience
NEW! Ready-to-Go Teaching Modules help instructors find the best
assets to use before, during, and after class to teach the toughest topics in
A&P. Created by teachers for teachers, these curated sets of teaching tools
save you time by highlighting the most effective and engaging animations,
videos, quizzing, coaching and active learning activities from Pearson
Mastering A&P.
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Help Students
Use Art More Effectively
NEW! SmartArt Videos help students navigate select, complex pieces of art for some of
the toughest topics in A&P. Author Kevin Petti walks students through several figures and
provides additional background and detail. The videos can be accessed via QR codes in
the book and offer accompanying assignments through Pearson Mastering A&P.
A01_MART9867_11_GE_VWT.indd 4 19/09/17 5:24 PM
Title
Spotlight Figures provide highly visual one- and two-page presentations of
tough topics in the book, with a particular focus on physiology.
SPOTLIGHT Figure 10–11 > Go to Pearson Mastering > Study Area > Menu > Animations & Videos > NEW! Pearson
™ > A&P > Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Excitation–Contraction Coupling Mastering A&P
references within the
Action potential chapter direct students to
specific digital resources,
1
Neural Control Axon terminal such as tutorials,
Excitation Excitation Sarcolemma
A skeletal muscle fiber contracts animations, and videos,
when stimulated by a motor neuron
at a neuromuscular junction. The T tubule Cytosol that will help further their
stimulus arrives in the form of an
action potential at the axon terminal. understanding of key
Sarcoplasmic reticulum concepts in the course.
2 Calcium
Excitation ion release
The action potential causes the release Ca2+ Ca2+ ATP
of ACh into the synaptic cleft, which
leads to excitation—the production of
an action potential in the sarcolemma.
3
Release of Calcium Ions
Thick-thin
This action potential travels along the filament interaction
sarcolemma and down T tubules to the Ca2+ Myosin tail
triads. This triggers the release of (thick filament)
calcium ions (Ca2+) from the terminal
cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Tropomyosin Cross-bridge
Troponin formation
G-actin Ca2+
4 Contraction Cycle Begins (thin filament) Ca2+
Nebulin
The contraction cycle begins when Active site
the calcium ions (Ca2+) bind to troponin,
resulting in the exposure of the active
sites on the thin filaments. This allows
cross-bridge formation and will In a resting sarcomere, the When calcium ions enter Cross-bridge
continue as long as ATP is available. tropomyosin strands cover the sarcomere, they bind to formation then
(See Spotlight Figure 10-11 for the the active sites on the thin troponin, which rotates and occurs, and the
filaments, preventing swings the tropomyosin contraction cycle
details of the contraction cycle.) cross-bridge formation. away from the active sites. begins.
5
Sarcomere Shortening Muscle fiber
contraction
As the thick and thin filaments interact,
the sarcomeres shorten, pulling the
ends of the muscle fiber closer together. leads to
6
Generation of Muscle Tension Tension
production
During the contraction, the entire
skeletal muscle shortens and
produces a pull, or tension, on the
tendons at either end.
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Systems Integration in the Classroom
NEW! Build Your Knowledge features show how each body system influences the
others. As students progress through the book, they will build their knowledge about
how the body systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
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and Beyond
Title
Clinical Cases get students
motivated for their future careers. +
CLINICAL CASE He Has Fish Skin!
Each chapter opens with a
story-based Clinical Case
I shook his hand and immediately I knew lasted all of 15 minutes and then Grandpa
related to the chapter content something was different about him. When brought the gang back to the air-conditioned
Will clasped my hand between both of his, I comfort of the house. He sank back into the
and ends with a Clinical Case felt like my hand was sandwiched between recliner. He was flushed and breathing hard,
two sheets of thick, shaggy sandpaper. There but his shirt stayed dry and crisp—there
Wrap-Up.
was none of the moistness or warmth of a wasn’t a bead of sweat visible on him. The
usual handshake. These hands belonged to boys climbed onto his lap, laughing, as he
Grandpa Will. encircled them with those coarse hands.
Grandpa Will’s grandsons adored him, “Oh, Grandpa, you feel like a fish!” What is
and the feeling was mutual! They lured him happening with Grandpa Will’s integu-
into chasing them around the backyard. mentary system? To find out, turn to the
Because it was a hot summer day, play Clinical Case Wrap-Up on p. 225.
5
An Introduction to the Integumentary The general functions of the integumentary system, which
System are summarized in Figure 5–2, include the following:
You are probably more familiar with the skin than with any ■■ Protection of underlying tissues and organs against impact,
other organ system. No other organ system is as accessible, abrasion, fluid loss, and chemical attack.
large, and underappreciated as the integumentary system. ■■ Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes by glands.
Often referred to simply as the integument (in-TEG-u.-ment), ■■ Maintenance of normal body temperature through either insu-
this system makes up about 16 percent of your total body lation or evaporative cooling, as needed.
weight. Its surface, 1.592 m2 16.1921.5 sq. ft. in area, is con- ■■ Production of melanin, which protects underlying tissue from
tinually abraded, attacked b1y microorganism2s, irradiated by ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
sunlight, and exposed to environmental chemicals. The integu-
mentary system is your body’s first line of defense against an ■■ Production of keratin, which protects against abrasion and
repels water.
often hostile environment. It’s the place where you and the
outside world meet. ■■ Synthesis of vitamin D3, a steroid that is converted to calcitriol,
The integumentary system has two major parts: the cuta- a hormone important to normal calcium ion metabolism.
neous membrane, or skin, and the accessory structures ■■ Storage of lipids in adipocytes in the dermis and in adipose
(Figure 5–1). tissue in the subcutaneous layer.
1. The cutaneous membrane has two components: the epider- ■■ Detection of touch, pressure, pain, vibration, and tempera-
mis (epi-, above), or superficial epithelium, and the dermis, ture stimuli, and the relaying of that information to the
2. aTnh eu nacdceerslsyoinryg satrreuac toufr ecso ninncelcutdiveeC htaisislru iaenns.di hcaira folll icNles,o exot-es anppreoprvvoiedueas isnryf sotwermmi.at (thiWoinen ca obnosuitd tehr et heexstee rgneanle eranlv siernosnems, ewnhti, cihn
crine glands, and nails. They aree emvbeerdyde dc ihn athpe dteermr isa nd eCxhpapatenr 1d5. )upon
and project up to or above the sutrofapce iocf sth ej uepsidte rmdiiss. cuss■■eCdoo.r dTinhatieony o f the immune response to pathogens and
The integument does not function in isolation. An exten- cancers in the skin.
sive network of blood vessels branpchrees tsheronugth dthies deearmsise. s and pathologies
Nerve fiber endings and sensory recepatolros mnogn itwor ittohuc ht, hpreesi-r rel5a-t1io Tnhseh eipp itdoe rmis is a protective
sure, temperature, and pain, providing valuable information to covering composed of layers with
the central nervous system about then stoater mof tahel bfoudyn.ction.
various functions
Deep to the dermis is a layer of loose connective tissue
called the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis). The subcutaneous Learning Outcome Describe the main structural features of the
layer separates the integument from the deep fascia around epidermis, and explain the functional significance of each.
other organs, such as muscles and bones. p. 179 Although The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium. Recall from
the subcutaneous layer is often considered separate from the Chapter 4 that such an epithelium provides physical protection
integument, we will consider it in this chapter because its con- for the dermis, prevents water loss, and helps keep microorgan-
nective tissue fibers are interwoven with those of the dermis. isms outside the body. p. 167
199
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Clinical Terms end every
chapter with a list of relevant
clinical terms and definitions.
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Continuous Learning
Before, During, and After Class
Dynamic Study Modules enable students to study more effectively on their
own. With the Dynamic Study Modules mobile app, students can quickly
access and learn the concepts they need to be more successful on quizzes
and exams.
NEW! Instructors can now
select which questions to
assign to students.
NEW! SmartArt Videos help
students navigate some of
the complex figures in the
text. They are accessible via
QR code in the book and
are assignable in Pearson
Mastering A&P.
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with Pearson Mastering A&P™
Title
Learning Catalytics is a “bring your
“My students are so busy and engaged
own device” (laptop, smartphone, or tablet)
answering Learning Catalytics questions
engagement, assessment, and classroom
during lecture that they don’t have time
intelligence system. Students use their device
for Facebook.”
to respond to open-ended questions and
—Declan De Paor, Old Dominion University
then discuss answers in class based on their
responses.
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