Fundamentals of Aerodynamics PDF
Preview Fundamentals of Aerodynamics
Fundamentals of Aerodynamics Fifth Edition JohnD.Anderson,Jr. McGraw-Hill Series in Aeronautical and Aerospace Engineering JohnD.Anderson,Jr.,UniversityofMaryland,ConsultingEditor Anderson Humble AircraftPerformanceandDesign SpacePropulationAnalysisandDesign Anderson Hyer ComputationalFluidDynamics StressAnalysisofFiber-ReinforcedComposite Materials Anderson FundamentalsofAerodynamics Kane,LikinsandLevinson SpacecraftDynamics Anderson HypersonicandHighTemperatureGas Kelly Dynamics FundamentalsofMechanicalVibrations Anderson Meirovitch IntroductiontoFlight FundamentalsofVibration Anderson Nelson ModernCompressibleFlow FlightStabilityandAutomaticControl Borman Oosthuizen CombustionEngineering CompressibleFluidFlow Baruh Shames AnalyticalDynamics MechanicsofFluids Turns Budynas AnIntroductiontoCombustion AdvancedStrengthandAppliedStress Analysis Ugural StressesinPlatesandShells C¸engelandCimbala FluidMechanics White ViscousFluidFlow Curtis FundamentalsofAircraftStructural White Analysis FluidMechanics Driels Wiesel LinearControlSystemsEngineering SpaceflightDynamics McGRAW-HILL SERIES IN AERONAUTICAL AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING T heWrightbrothersinventedthefirstpracticalairplaneinthefirstdecade of the twentieth century. Along with this came the rise of aeronautical engineering as an exciting, new, distinct discipline. College courses in aeronautical engineering were offered as early as 1914 at the University of Michigan and at MIT. Michigan was the first university to establish an aero- nauticsdepartmentwithafour-yeardegree-grantingprogramin1916;by1926it hadgraduatedoveronehundredstudents.Theneedforsubstantivetextbooksin variousareasofaeronauticalengineeringbecamecritical.Risingtothisdemand, McGraw-Hillbecameoneofthefirstpublishersofaeronauticalengineeringtext- books, starting with Airplane Design and Construction by Ottorino Pomilio in 1919, and the classic and definitive text Airplane Design: Aerodynamics by the iconicEdwardP.Warnerin1927.Warner’sbookwasawatershedinaeronautical engineeringtextbooks. Sincethen,McGraw-Hillhasbecomethetime-honoredpublisherofbooksin aeronauticalengineering.Withtheadventofhigh-speedflightafterWorldWarII and the space program in 1957, aeronautical and aerospace engineering grew to new heights. There was, however, a hiatus that occurred in the 1970s when aerospace engineering went through a transition, and virtually no new books in the field were published for almost a decade by anybody. McGraw-Hill broke this hiatus with the foresight of its Chief Engineering Editor, B.J. Clark, who wasinstrumentalinthepublicationofIntroductiontoFlightbyJohnAnderson. First published in 1978, Introduction to Flight is now in its 6th edition. Clark’s bold decision was followed by McGraw-Hill riding the crest of a new wave of studentsandactivityinaerospaceengineering,anditopenedtheflood-gatesfor newtextbooksinthefield. In 1988, McGraw-Hill initiated its formal series in Aeronautical and Aerospace Engineering, gathering together under one roof all its existing texts in the field, and soliciting new manuscripts. This author is proud to have been made the consulting editor for this series, and to have contributed some of the titles.Startingwitheightbooksin1988,theseriesnowembraces24bookscov- eringabroadrangeofdisciplineinthefield.Withthis,McGraw-Hillcontinues its tradition, started in 1919, as the premier publisher of important textbooks in aeronauticalandaerospaceengineering. JohnD.Anderson,Jr. Fundamentals of Aerodynamics Fifth Edition JohnD.Anderson,Jr. CuratorofAerodynamics NationalAirandSpaceMuseum SmithsonianInstitution and ProfessorEmeritus UniversityofMaryland FUNDAMENTALSOFAERODYNAMICS,FIFTHEDITION PublishedbyMcGraw-Hill,abusinessunitofTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.,1221Avenueofthe Americas,NewYork,NY10020.Copyright©2011byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrights reserved.Previouseditions©2007,2001,1991and1984.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced ordistributedinanyformorbyanymeans,orstoredinadatabaseorretrievalsystem,withouttheprior writtenconsentofTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.,including,butnotlimitedto,inanynetworkor otherelectronicstorageortransmission,orbroadcastfordistancelearning. Someancillaries,includingelectronicandprintcomponents,maynotbeavailabletocustomersoutside theUnitedStates. Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. 1234567890DOC/DOC109876543210 ISBN978-0-07-339810-5 MHID0-07-339810-1 GlobalPublisher: RaghothamanSrinivasan SeniorSponsoringEditor: BillStenquist DirectorofDevelopment: KristineTibbetts DevelopmentalEditor: LorraineK.Buczek SeniorMarketingManager: CurtReynolds SeniorProjectManager: JaneMohr ProductionSupervisor: SusanK.Culberston DesignCoordinator: BrendaA.Rolwes CoverDesigner: StudioMontage,St.Louis,Missouri (USE)CoverImage: ©U.S.Navyphoto LeadPhotoResearchCoordinator: CarrieK.Burger Compositor: Aptara,Inc. Typeface: 10.5/12TimesRoman Printer: R.R.Donnelley Allcreditsappearingonpageorattheendofthebookareconsideredtobeanextensionofthecopyright page. ThewhitecloudthatyouseeintheflowoverthetopoftheF-22onthecoverofthisbookisduetowater vaporcondensationoccurringthroughthesupersonicexpansionwavesonthetopoftheairplane.This whitecloudisabruptlyterminatedwhentheflowsubsequentlypassesthroughthetrailing-edgeshock wavesbehindtheairplane.AdetailedphysicalexplanationofthisflowcanbefoundinProblem9.21at theendofChapter9. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Anderson,JohnDavid. Fundamentalsofaerodynamics/JohnD.Anderson,Jr.—5thed. p.cm.—(McGraw-Hillseriesinaeronauticalandaerospaceengineering) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN-13:978-0-07-339810-5 ISBN-10:0-07-339810-1 1.Aerodynamics. I.Title. TL570.A6772010 629.1323—dc22 2009048907 ′ www.mhhe.com ABOUT THE AUTHOR JohnD.Anderson,Jr.,wasborninLancaster,Pennsylvania,onOctober1,1937. HeattendedtheUniversityofFlorida,graduatingin1959withhighhonorsand a bachelor of aeronautical engineering degree. From 1959 to 1962, he was a lieutenant and task scientist at the Aerospace Research Laboratory at Wright- PattersonAirForceBase.From1962to1966,heattendedtheOhioStateUniver- sityundertheNationalScienceFoundationandNASAFellowships,graduating withaPh.D.inaeronauticalandastronauticalengineering.In1966,hejoinedthe U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory as Chief of the Hypersonics Group. In 1973, he became Chairman of the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the Uni- versityofMaryland,andsince1980hasbeenprofessorofAerospaceEngineer- ing at the University of Maryland. In 1982, he was designated a Distinguished Scholar/TeacherbytheUniversity.During1986–1987,whileonsabbaticalfrom the University, Dr. Anderson occupied the Charles Lindbergh Chair at the Na- tionalAirandSpaceMuseumoftheSmithsonianInstitution.Hecontinuedwith theAirandSpaceMuseumonedayeachweekastheirSpecialAssistantforAero- dynamics,doingresearchandwritingonthehistoryofaerodynamics.Inaddition to his position as professor of aerospace engineering, in 1993, he was made a fullfacultymemberoftheCommitteefortheHistoryandPhilosophyofScience and in 1996 an affiliate member of the History Department at the University of Maryland.In1996,hebecametheGlennL.MartinDistinguishedProfessorfor EducationinAerospaceEngineering.In1999,heretiredfromtheUniversityof MarylandandwasappointedProfessorEmeritus.HeiscurrentlytheCuratorfor AerodynamicsattheNationalAirandSpaceMuseum,SmithsonianInstitution. Dr.Andersonhaspublished10books:GasdynamicLasers:AnIntroduction, Academic Press (1976), and under McGraw-Hill, Introduction to Flight (1978, 1984,1989,2000,2005,2008),ModernCompressibleFlow(1982,1990,2003), FundamentalsofAerodynamics(1984,1991,2001,2007),HypersonicandHigh TemperatureGasDynamics(1989),ComputationalFluidDynamics:TheBasics withApplications(1995),AircraftPerformanceandDesign(1999),AHistoryof AerodynamicsandItsImpactonFlyingMachines, CambridgeUniversityPress (1997 hardback, 1998 paperback), The Airplane: A History of Its Technology, AmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics(2003),andInventingFlight, Johns Hopkins University Press (2004). He is the author of over 120 papers on radiative gasdynamics, reentry aerothermodynamics, gasdynamic and chemical lasers, computational fluid dynamics, applied aerodynamics, hypersonic flow, andthehistoryofaeronautics.Dr.AndersonisinWho’sWhoinAmerica.Heis an Honorary Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA).HeisalsoafellowoftheRoyalAeronauticalSociety,London.Heisa memberofTauBetaPi,SigmaTau,PhiKappaPhi,PhiEtaSigma,TheAmerican vii viii AbouttheAuthor SocietyforEngineeringEducation,theHistoryofScienceSociety,andtheSoci- etyfortheHistoryofTechnology.In1988,hewaselectedasVicePresidentofthe AIAAforEducation.In1989,hewasawardedtheJohnLelandAtwoodAward jointly by the American Society for Engineering Education and the American InstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics“forthelastinginfluenceofhisrecent contributionstoaerospaceengineeringeducation.”In1995,hewasawardedthe AIAAPendrayAerospaceLiteratureAward“forwritingundergraduateandgrad- uatetextbooksinaerospaceengineeringwhichhavereceivedworldwideacclaim fortheirreadabilityandclarityofpresentation,includinghistoricalcontent.”In 1996,hewaselectedVicePresidentoftheAIAAforPublications.Hehasrecently beenhonoredbytheAIAAwithits2000vonKarmanLectureshipinAstronautics. From1987tothepresent,Dr.Andersonhasbeentheseniorconsultingeditor ontheMcGraw-HillSeriesinAeronauticalandAstronauticalEngineering. DedicatedtoMyFamily Sarah-Allen,Katherine,Elizabeth,Keegan,andTierney
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