Fundamentals and Applications of Nanomaterials (Artech House)

249 Pages·2009·1.41 MB·English

by  Zhen Guo

Fundamentals and Applications
of Nanomaterials
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Fundamentals and Applications
of Nanomaterials
Zhen Guo
Li Tan
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ISBN-13:978-1-59693-262-3
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10987654321
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To my wife Anne, sons Jonathan and Theodore Guo, and my parents
for their support and love.
—Zhen
To my family and friends for their efforts making my life at Lincoln interesting
and enjoyable.
—Li
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Contents
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
Part I Fundamentals of Nanomaterials Science 1
1 Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Structures 3
1.1 Brief History of Quantum Mechanics 3
1.2 Photoelectric Effect and Duality Nature of Light 5
1.2.1 Photoelectric Effect 6
1.2.2 Einstein’s Explanation 7
1.2.3 Duality of Light 9
1.3 Duality of Electrons 10
1.3.1 De Broglie’s Hypothesis and Electrons as Waves 11
1.3.2 Time Independent Schro¨dinger Equation 12
1.3.3 Free Electrons 16
1.4 Electrons in Potential Well 17
1.4.1 1D Infinite Potential Well 17
1.4.2 3D Infinite Potential Well 19
1.5 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table 21
1.5.1 The Hydrogen Atom 21
1.5.2 The Helium Atom 22
1.5.3 The Periodic Table 23
vii
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viii FundamentalsandApplicationsofNanomaterials
2 Bonding and Band Structure 25
2.1 Classic Atomic Bonding 25
2.2 Atomic Bonding in Molecules: LCAO Theory 26
2.2.1 Two-Atom Molecule 29
2.2.2 Three-Atom Molecule 31
2.2.3 Four-Atom Molecule 31
2.2.4 Six-Atom Molecule (Benzene Ring) 32
2.2.5 Many-Atom Molecule 34
2.3 Atomic Bonding in Crystalline Solids: Band
Theory 35
2.3.1 Energy Band in Solids 36
2.3.2 Partially Filled Energy Band for Metals 37
2.3.3 Energy Band for Insulators and Semiconductors 38
2.4 Bonding and Band Structures in Nanocrystal
Materials 40
2.4.1 Top-Down Method for Quantum Wells and
Dots 41
2.4.2 Bottom-Up Method for Carbon-Based
Nanocrystals 44
References 47
3 Surface Science for Nanomaterials 49
3.1 Crystal Structure and Crystallography 49
3.1.1 Crystal Structures 49
3.1.2 Crystallography 50
3.1.3 Close-Packed Directions, Planes, and Structures 51
3.2 Surface Crystallography 55
3.2.1 Surface Structure for Close-Packed Structures 55
3.2.2 Surface Structure for BCC Structures 56
3.2.3 Surface Symmetry 57
3.3 Surface Energy 57
3.3.1 Crystallographically Preferred Surface 59
3.3.2 Wulff Constructions and Equilibrium Shape for
Nanoparticles 59
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Contents ix
3.4 Surface Reconfigurations 61
3.4.1 Surface Relaxation and Reconstructions 62
3.4.2 Adsorption 67
3.5 Surface Area and Surface Thermodynamics 68
3.5.1 Surface Area in Nanomaterials 69
3.5.2 Nanoparticle Nucleation 70
3.5.3 Wetting 71
References 73
4 Nanomaterials Characterization 75
4.1 X-Ray Diffraction for Nanomaterials
Characterization 75
4.1.1 X-Ray Diffraction and the Laue Method 76
4.1.2 Bragg’s Law 77
4.1.3 X-Ray Diffraction in Nanomaterials 78
4.2 Electron Microscopy for Nanomaterials
Characterization 80
4.2.1 Interaction Between Electron Beams and Solids 81
4.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) 83
4.2.3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 86
4.2.4 Scanning Probe Microscope (SPM) 87
4.3 Surface Analysis Methods 89
4.3.1 Auger Electron Spectroscope (AES) 90
4.3.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscope (XPS) 90
4.3.3 Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscope (SIMS) 91
References 91
Part II Nanomaterials Fabrication 93
5 Thin-Film Deposition: Top-Down Approach 95
5.1 Thin-Film Deposition Mechanism 95
5.1.1 Homogeneous Film Growth Mechanisms 95
5.1.2 Heterogeneous Film Growth Mechanisms 97
5.2 Thin-Film Deposition Methods 99
5.2.1 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) 100
5.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 102
Reference 106
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