Functional Surfaces in Biology: Little Structures with Big Effects Volume 1

381 Pages·2009·28.879 MB·English

by  Stanislav Gorb (auth.), Prof. Dr. Stanislav N. Gorb (eds.)

Functional Surfaces in Biology
Functional Surfaces
in Biology
Little Structures with Big Effects
Volume 1
edited by
Stanislav N. Gorb
FunctionalMorphologyandBiomechanics,
UniversityofKiel,Germany
123
Editor
Prof.Dr.StanislavN.Gorb
DepartmentofFunctionalMorphologyandBiomechanics
ZoologicalInstitute
UniversityofKiel
AmBotanischenGarten1–9
D-24098Kiel
Germany
[email protected]
ISBN978-1-4020-6696-2 e-ISBN978-1-4020-6697-9
DOI10.1007/978-1-4020-6697-9
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009927034
(cid:2)c SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2009
Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorby
anymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recordingorotherwise,withoutwritten
permissionfromthePublisher,withtheexceptionofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurpose
ofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.
Coverpicture:Greenmalachitebutterfly(Siproetastelenes).Background:scanningelectronmicrograph
ofthebutterflywingscale.SeechaptersbyA.L.Ingram,A.R.Parker,D.G.Stavenga,P.Vukusicon
surfacecolorsofinsects.
Backgroundpicture:StanislavN.Gorb(UniversityofKiel,Germany);Frontpicture:StanislavN.Gorb
(UniversityofKiel,Germany)
Printedonacid-freepaper
SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
Abstract
Biological surfaces represent the interface between living organisms and the envi-
ronmentandservemanydifferentfunctions:(1)Theydelimittheorganism,givethe
shape to the organism, and provide mechanical stability of the body. (2) They are
barriersagainstdry,wet,coldorhotenvironments.(3)Theytakepartinrespiration
andinthetransportofdiversesecretions,andserveasachemicalreservoirforthe
storageofmetabolicwasteproducts.(4)Avarietyofspecialisedsurfacestructures
are parts of mechano- and chemoreceptors. (5) The coloration and chemical com-
ponents of surfaces are important components for thermoregulation, and are often
involved in diverse communication systems. (6) A number of specialised surface
structuresmayserveavarietyofotherfunctions,suchasairretention,foodgrinding,
bodycleaning,etc.Inspiteofahugenumberofpublications,describingbiological
surfaces by the use of light and electron microscopy, exact working mechanisms
have been clarified only for a few systems, because of the structural and chemi-
calcomplexityofbiologicalsurfaces.However,biologicalsurfaceshideavirtually
endlesspotentialfortechnologicalideasforthedevelopmentofnewmaterialsand
systems. Because of the diversity of functions of biological surfaces, inspirations
frombiologymaybeinterestingforabroadrangeoftopicsinengineeringsciences:
adhesion, friction, wear, lubrication, filtering, sensorics, wetting phenomena, self-
cleaning,anti-fouling,thermoregulation,optics,etc.Sincethemajorityofbiological
surfaces are multifunctional, it makes them even more interesting from the point
of view of biomimetics. In the present book, some structural aspects of biological
surfacesinrelationtotheirfunctionarereported.Theeditorandcontributorsbelieve
thatsuchafunctionalapproachtobiologicalsurfaceswillmakethisbookinteresting
notonlyforbiologists,butalsotophysicists,engineersandmaterialsscientists.
v
Editor
Stanislav Gorb is Professor and Director at the Zoological Institute of the Uni-
versityofKiel,Germany.HereceivedhisPhDdegreeinzoologyandentomology
at the Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences
in Kiev, Ukraine. Gorb was a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Vienna,
Austria; a research assistant at University of Jena, Germany; a group leader at the
MaxPlanckInstituteforDevelopmentalBiologyinTu¨bingen,Germanyandatthe
Max Planck Institute for Metals Research in Stuttgart, Germany. He was a visit-
ingprofessorattheUniversityofWashington,USAandUniversityofAstronautics
and Aeronautics, Nanjing, China. Gorb’s research focuses on morphology, struc-
ture,biomechanics,physiology,andevolutionofsurface-relatedfunctionalsystems
in animals and plants, as well as the development of biologically inspired techno-
logical surfaces and systems. He received the Schlossmann Award in Biology and
MaterialsSciencein1995andwasthe1998BioFutureCompetitionwinnerforhis
worksonbiologicalattachmentdevicesaspossiblesourcesforbiomimetics.Heis
thememberoftheboardofbothGermanbiomimeticscompetencenetworkBioKon
andInternationalBiomimeticsAssociation.Gorbhasauthoredthreebooks,includ-
ingAttachmentDevicesofInsectCuticleandBiologicalMicro-andNanotribology,
morethan150papersinpeer-reviewedjournals,andfourpatents.Heiseditorand
member of editorial boards of several entomological, zoological and biomimetics
journals.
vii
Acknowledgments
Theeditorwouldliketothankallcontributorsofbothvolumesforexcellentcollab-
orationandpatience.ZuzanaBernhart’s(Springer,Holland)beliefinthistopicand
herpersonalhelpinmanagementaregreatlyacknowledged.VictoriaKastnerfrom
MaxPlanckInstituteforDevelopmentalBiology,Tu¨bingen,Germanyhashelpedin
polishing English of contributors from14 countries. Further, the editor would like
toexpresshisappreciationtothefollowingcolleagues,whotookthetimetoreview
differentbookchapters.Theircontributionhassignificantlyimprovedthequalityof
the book. The individuals who served as reviewers of chapters in this two volume
setare:
ZsoltBa´lint DepartmentofZoology,HungarianNaturalHistory
Museum,Budapest,Hungary
AlisonBarker CABI-BioscienceCentreSwitzerland,Dele´mont,
Switzerland
AaronBauer BiologyDepartment,VillanovaUniversity,Pennsylvania,
PA,USA
SergeBerthier InstitutdesNanosciencesdeParis,CampusBoucicaut,
Paris,France
OliverBetz DepartmentofEvolutionaryBiologyofInvertebrates,
UniversityofTu¨bingen,Tu¨bingen,Germany
La´szlo´ Pe´terBiro´ NanotechnologyDepartment,ResearchInstitutefor
TechnicalPhysicsandMaterialsScienceofthe
HungarianAcademyofSciences,Budapest,Hungary
JeromeCasas InstitutdeRecherchesurlaBiologiedel’Insecte
(IRBI)/CNRS,UniversityofTours,Tours,France
WalterFederle DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofCambridge,
Cambridge,UK
LaurenceGaume UMRCNRS5120AMAP,BotaniqueetBioinformatiquede
l’architecturedesplantes,Montpellier,France
HelenGhiradella DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,StateUniversityof
NewYorkatAlbany,AlbanyNY,USA
ElenaV.Gorb EvolutionaryBiomaterialsGroup,MaxPlanckInstitute,
Stuttgart,Germany
ix
x Acknowledgments
HanneloreHoch Museumfu¨rNaturkunde,Humboldt-Universita¨tzuBerlin,
Berlin,Germany
MichaelLand DepartmentofBiologyandEnvironmentalScience,School
ofLifeSciences,UniversityofSussex,Falmer,Brighton,
UK
ChrisLawrence SmartMaterialsGroup(FST),QinetiQ,CodyTechnology
Park,Farnborough,Hants,UK
JayMcPherson DepartmentofZoology,SouthernIllinoisUniversity,
Carbondale,IL,USA
PaulMaderson DepartmentofBiology,BrooklynCollege,NewYorkNY,
USA
JohnP.Miller GraduateGroupinNeurobiologyandDepartmentof
MolecularandCellBiology,UniversityofCalifornia,
Berkeley,CA,USA
TommyNyman DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofOulu,Oulu,Finland
HannoRichter UniversityofNaturalResourcesandAppliedLifeSciences,
Vienna,Austria
GeorgeRogers SchoolofMolecularandBiomedicalScience,Universityof
Adelaide,Adelaide,Australia
JeromeS.Rovner DepartmentofZoology,OhioUniversity,Athens,OH,USA
AndrewM.Smith DepartmentofBiology,SchoolofHumanitiesand
Sciences,IthacaCollege,IthacaNY,USA
AnnemarieSurlykke InstituteofBiology,UniversityofSouthernDenmark,
Odense,Danmark
CameronTropea Biotechnik-ZentrumTechnicalUniversityofDarmstadt,
Darmstadt,Germany
MichaelVarenberg FacultyofMechanicalEngineering,Technion–Israel
InstituteofTechnology,Haifa,Israel
Jean-PolVigneron LaboratoiredePhysiqueduSolide,Faculte´sUniversitaires
Notre-DamedelaPaix,Namur,Belgium
DagmarVoigt EvolutionaryBiomaterialsGroup,MaxPlanckInstitute,
Stuttgart,Germany
TomWeir TomWeir,ANIC,CSIROEntomology,Canberra,Australia
YehudaWerner DepartmentofEvolution,SystematicsandEcology,The
HebrewUniversityofJerusalem,Jerusalem,Israel
IainWilkie SchoolofLifeSciences,GlasgowCaledonianUniversity,
Glasgow,Scotland,UK
GiacomoZaccone DepartmentofAnimalBiologyandMarineEcology,
SectionofCellandEvolutionaryBiology,Messina
University,Messina,Italy
Contents
Volume1
Introduction:SurfacePropertiesandtheirFunctionsinBiologicalSystems 3
StanislavGorb
PartI ProtectionandDefence
1 BiologicalPropertiesofFruitandSeedSlimeEnvelope:Howto
Live,Fly,andNotDie .......................................... 11
AgnieszkaKreitschitz
2 EasilyDamagedIntegumentofSomeSawflies(Hymenoptera)is
PartofaDefenceStrategyAgainstPredators ..................... 31
Jean-LucBoeve´
PartII Anti–wetting
3 WaterRepellenceinGeckoSkin:HowDoGeckosKeepClean? ..... 47
UweN.Hiller
4 Anti-WettingSurfacesinHeteroptera(Insecta):HairySolutionsto
AnyProblem .................................................. 55
PabloPerez-Goodwyn
5 WaterRepellentPropertiesofSpiders:TopographicalVariations
andFunctionalCorrelates ...................................... 77
GailE.StrattonandRobertB.Suter
xi
xii Contents
6 Dry in the Water: The Superhydrophobic Water Fern
Salvinia–aModelforBiomimeticSurfaces ....................... 97
ZdenekCerman,BorisF.Striffler,andWilhelmBarthlott
7 Brochosomal Coatings of the Integument of Leafhoppers
(Hemiptera,Cicadellidae) ......................................113
RomanA.Rakitov
PartIII Transport
8 Pull,PushandEvaporate:TheRoleofSurfacesinPlantWater
Transport .....................................................141
AnitaRoth-Nebelsick
PartIV Aerodynamics
9 MoldingandCarvingCellSurfaces:TheJokeofaFoldandthe
OriginandEvolutionofFeathers ................................163
LorenzoAlibardi
PartV Acoustics
10 SurfaceStructureofSoundEmissionOrgansinUraniaMoths ......189
AlejandroBarro,MarianneVater,MarthaPe´rezandFrankCoro
PartVI SensorySystems
11 FunctionalCouplingofCercalFiliformHairsandCampaniform
SensillainCrickets ............................................203
RalphHeußlein,HeribertGras,andWernerGnatzy
PartVII Optics
12 AdvancedPhotonicSystemsontheWing-ScalesofLepidoptera .....237
PeterVukusic
13 Sub-micronStructuresCausingReflectionandAntireflectionin
Animals ......................................................259
AndrewR.Parker
Contents xiii
14 SurfaceColorsofInsects:WingsandEyes ........................285
DoekeleG.Stavenga
15 ButterflyPhotonics:FormandFunction .........................307
AbigailL.Ingram
ColorPlates .......................................................337
Index .............................................................371