Functional Polymers PDF
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Polymers and Polymeric Composites: A Reference Series Mohammad Abu Jafar Mazumder Heather Sheardown Amir Al-Ahmed Editors Functional Polymers Polymers and Polymeric Composites: A Reference Series This series provides a comprehensive collection of reference handbooks on all aspects around polymers and polymeric composites. Polymeric materials of all sorts have been emerging as key materials for many applications and for meeting the challenges of the twenty-first century. From commodity applications to engi- neering and high-tech applications, even including aerospace subsystems, these materials have an important role to play. The study of polymeric and polymeric compositematerialsisoneofthemostimportantandvibrantfocusareasinchemical andmaterialscientificresearch.“PolymersandPolymericComposites:AReference Series” compiles the most comprehensive reference handbooks on these materials under one roof. Readers will find all they need to know in well-organized and thoroughlystructuredreferenceworkscoveringvarioustopics,suchasthestructures and properties of polymers, polymeric materials and composites (e.g. structures of amorphous and crystalline polymers, viscoelastic properties, mechanical and ther- mal properties, and many more); methods and methodology (including polymer characterization, polymerization reaction engineering, polymer processing, and many more); and different compound classes (from polymer additives, polymer blends, and fiber reinforced composites to liquid crystalline polymers, nano- polymers and nano-polymeric composites, and even bio-polymeric materials). While each volume is dedicated to a selected topic, concisely structured and thor- oughly edited by experts, with contributions written by leading scientists, the completecollectionprovidesthemostcomprehensiveandmostcompleteoverview over the entire field of polymers and polymeric composites. Volumes in this series serveasreferencecompilationforeveryscientistworkingwithoronpolymersand polymeric materials and composites, whether at universities or in industry, from graduatestudentleveltopractitionersandleadscientistsalike. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/15068 Mohammad Abu Jafar Mazumder (cid:129) Heather Sheardown Amir Al-Ahmed Editors Functional Polymers With473Figuresand65Tables Editors MohammadAbuJafarMazumder HeatherSheardown ChemistryDepartment McMasterUniversity KingFahdUniversityofPetroleum Hamilton,ON,Canada andMinerals Dhahran,SaudiArabia AmirAl-Ahmed CenterofResearchExcellencein RenewableEnergy KingFahdUniversityofPetroleum andMinerals Dhahran,SaudiArabia ISSN2510-3458 ISSN2510-3466(electronic) ISBN978-3-319-95986-3 ISBN978-3-319-95987-0(eBook) ISBN978-3-319-95988-7(printandelectronicbundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95987-0 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsorthe editorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrors oromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaims inpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Functionalpolymerscontainchemicallyboundfunctionalgroupsontheirbackbone, whichmakethesepolymerschemicallyactiveforvariousapplications,forexample,as reagents,catalysts,protectinggroups,andmanyothers.Normally,functionalpolymers arepreparedfrommonomerscontainingthedesiredfunctionalgroup.Thepreformed polymerbackbonecanalsobechemicallymodifiedwithapreferredfunctionalgroup. The second approach is more suitable for linear polymers, but in most applications, cross-linkedpolymersarepreferred.Suspensionpolymerizationisthemostcommonly usedtechniqueforcross-linkedpolymers,butseveralothertechniques,suchasphoto polymerization,electrochemicalpolymerization,anddifferentcontrolledradicalpoly- merizations are also attaining their place. The physicochemical properties of these polymerscanbemodifiedasrequiredbychemicalorphysicalmeans.Specificinduced propertiesbyfunctionalizationofpolymershavegreatimportanceintheirapplications. Advance technologies require improved material performance. Polymers, especially functional polymerscan easily betuned by new or improveddesignand processing techniques,whichcanprovidebetterorspecificmaterialcharacteristics.Thisfacilitates theirinnovativeandtechnicallydemandingapplications. Toeditorcompileabookonfunctionalpolymers,oneshouldbeverycarefulto keepafinebalancebetweenthebuiltupknowledgedevelopedovertheyears,based on experience and intuition, and the new scientific endeavors that continue to advance their development. Our approach is to give a rich collection of data on functionalpolymers.Inthisregard,thisreferencebookcoverssomekeyaspectsof functionalpolymers,suchassynthesis,surfacemodification,compositesandnano- composites, and important applications. All chapters are contributed by experts in v vi Preface their respective field and contain up-to-date theoretical and experimental informa- tion, which will be helpful for students and researchers to create new avenues for functionalpolymers–intermsofmaterialdevelopmentandadvanceapplications. ChemistryDepartment MohammadAbuJafarMazumder,Ph.D. KingFahdUniversityofPetroleum andMinerals,Dhahran,SaudiArabia McMasterUniversity,Hamilton,ON,Canada HeatherSheardown,Ph.D. CenterofResearchExcellenceinRenewableEnergy AmirAl-Ahmed,Ph.D. KingFahdUniversityofPetroleumandMinerals, TheEditors Dhahran,SaudiArabia Acknowledgments Wearethankfultoallcontributingauthorsandco-authorsfortheirvaluedcontribu- tiontothisbook.Theprojectwouldneverhavebeenpossiblewithouttheirsincere supports and contributions. We would also like to express our gratitude to the publisher, authors, and others for granting us the copyright permission to use their illustrations.Althoughsincereeffortsweremadetoobtainthecopyrightpermissions fromtherespectiveownerstoincludethecitationwiththereproducedmaterials,we would like to offer our sincere apologies to any copyright holder if unknowingly theirrightisbeinginfringed.Amongtheeditors,Dr.MohammadA.JafarMazumder would like to take this opportunity to express his sincere thanks to Drs. Abdulaziz A. Al-Saadi (Dean, College of Sciences, KFUPM) and Khalid R. Alhooshani (Chairman, Chemistry Department, KFUPM) and also to his colleagues at the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi Arabia. Dr. Amir Al-Ahmed, would like to take this opportunity to express his sincere thanks to Dr. Fahad Al-Suliman (Director CORE-RE, KFUPM) and also to his colleagues at the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia. Without their continuous encouragement, this book would have not been brought intoitsfinalform.WewouldalsoliketoacknowledgethesincereeffortsofSpringer team, especially Dr. Sylvia Blago, Dr. Sofia Costa, and Dr. Judith Hinterberg and otherswhowerealwayssohelpfulandprovidedustheirassistanceinevolvingthis bookintoitsfinalshape.Wearemostgratefultoallofthem. vii Contents 1 Photo-polymerization ................................... 1 PremPrabhakaranandKwang-SupLee 2 PolymerFunctionalization ............................... 53 LindseyA.Bultema,XiaHuang,DanielD.Brauer,andPatrickTheato 3 ElectrochemicalPolymerization ........................... 105 GertrudeFomo,TesfayeWaryo,UsisiphoFeleni,PriscillaBaker,and EmmanuelIwuoha 4 PolymerProcessingandRheology ......................... 133 NickolasD.PolychronopoulosandJohnVlachopoulos 5 PorousCoordinationPolymers ............................ 181 AbdulMalikP.PeedikakkalandN.N.Adarsh 6 PolyurethaneandItsDerivatives .......................... 225 MohammadMizanurRahman,MohammadMahbubRabbani,and JoyantaKumarSaha 7 DielectricPolymers ..................................... 241 ShahMohammedReduwanBillah 8 Dendrimers ........................................... 289 BalappaB.Munavalli,SatishkumarR.Naik,AnandI.Torvi,and MahadevappaY.Kariduraganavar 9 SurfacesandInterfaces .................................. 347 ManfredStamm 10 MembraneSurfaceModificationandFunctionalization ........ 391 SyedMohammedJavaidZaidi,KennethA.Mauritz,andMohammad K.Hassan 11 Fiber-ReinforcedComposites ............................. 417 AjithkumarManayanParambil,JijiAbraham,Praveen KosappallyillomMuraleedharan,DeepuGopakumar,andSabu Thomas ix x Contents 12 CompositesandNanocomposites .......................... 447 ShahMohammedReduwanBillah 13 PolymerBlends ........................................ 513 IbrahimKhan,MuhammadMansha,andMohammadAbuJafar Mazumder 14 ConductingPolymersandComposites ...................... 551 AbdAlmonamBaleg,MiluaMasikini,SuruVivianJohn,AvrilRae Williams,NazeemJahed,PriscillaBaker,andEmmanuelIwuoha 15 Shape-MemoryPolymers ................................ 605 MagdalenaMazurek-Budzyńska,MuhammadYasarRazzaq,Marc Behl,andAndreasLendlein 16 Self-HealingPolymers:FromBiologicalSystemstoHighly FunctionalPolymers .................................... 665 StefanZechel,MartinD.Hager,andUlrichS.Schubert 17 DrugDelivery:PolymersintheDevelopmentofControlled ReleaseSystems ........................................ 719 ScottCampbellandNielsSmeets 18 ConjugatedOrganicPolymersforOptoelectronicDevices ...... 749 ShahidPervezAnsariandFarmanAli 19 ElectrochromicPolymersforSolarCells .................... 789 SuruVivianJohnandEmmanuelIwuoha 20 TextileCoatings ........................................ 825 ShahMohammedReduwanBillah 21 AnticorrosiveCoating ................................... 883 MazenK.NazalandMohammadAbuJafarMazumder 22 ConductingPolymerNanocompositesasGasSensors .......... 911 MohammadOmaishAnsari,SajidAliAnsari,MooHwanCho, ShahidPervezAnsari,MohamedShaabanAbdel-wahab,andAhmed Alshahrie 23 PolymericMembranesforNaturalGasProcessing:Polymer SynthesisandMembraneGasTransportProperties ........... 941 JimohK.AdewoleandAbdullahS.Sultan 24 ProtonConductions .................................... 977 N.Awang,JuhanaJaafar,A.F.Ismail,T.Matsuura,M.H.D.Othman, andM.A.Rahman 25 Desalination ........................................... 1011 RaselDas,SyedMohammedJavaidZaidi,andSayonthoniDasTuhi
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