Functional Morphology of the Golgi Apparatus

104 Pages·1987·4.91 MB·English

by  Dr. med. univ. Margit Pavelka (auth.)

Advances in Anatomy
Embryology and Cell Biology
Vol.106
Editors
F. Beck, Lt!icester W Rild, Galveston
W Kriz, Reidelberg R. Ortmann, Köln
lE. Pauly, Little Rock T.R. Schiebler, Würzburg
Margit Pavelka
Functional Morphology
of the Golgi Apparatus
With 25 Figures
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg NewYork
London Paris Tokyo
Dr. med. univ. Margit Pavelka
Institut für Mikromorphologie
und Elektronenmikroskopie
Universität Wien
Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090 Wien, Austria
ISBN-13: 978-3-540-18062-3 e-I S BN -13: 978-3-642-72826-6
DO I: 10.1 007/978-3-642-72826-6
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
PaveJka, Margit, 1945-. Functional morphology of the Golgi apparatus. (Advances
in anatomy, embryology, and cell biology; v. 106) Bibliography: p. IncJudes index.
1. Golgi apparatus. 1. Title. H. Series.
QL801.E67 vol. 106 574.4 s 87-16504 [QH603.G6] [574.8'734]
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Acknowledgments
The author would like to express her deep gratitude to all members of the
Institute of Micromorphology and Electron Microscopy of the University
of Vienna for their thoughtfulness and generous help du ring the time this
paper was prepared. The excellent technical assistance of Mrs. Jutta Selb
mann, Mrs. Elfriede Scherzer, Mrs. Gerlinde Hartl, Mr. Helmut Oslansky,
and Mr. Richard Reichhart is acknowledged with thanks. The author is also
most grateful to Professor Dr. Leopold Stockinger for his generous help,
critical reading of the manuscript, and continuous encouragement, and also
to Professor Dr. Peter Böck for fruitful discussions and continuous stimula
tion. Particular thanks are due to the author's co-worker Dr. Adolf Ellinger
for many hours of stimulating discussions, for the numerous suggestions
he made for improvement of the manuscript, and for his generous help with
its final preparation.
This work was supported by the Hochschuljubiläumsstiftung der Stadt
Wien and by the Vermächtnis Josefine Hirt!.
Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 Material and Methods 5
3 Architecture of the Golgi Apparatus 8
3.1 Golgi Stacks . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.1 Transitional Elements - Transport Vesicles 16
3.1.2 Transmost Golgi Section . . . . . . . . 17
3.1.3 Golgi Elements - "Common Secretory-Endocytic
Compartments"? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.1.4 Endoplasmic Reticulum . . . . . . . . . 22
3.1.5 Golgi-Associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Lysosomes 23
3.1.6 Cytoplasmically Coated Membranes . 24
3.2 Golgi Architecture During Mitosis 25
3.3 Microtubules and Golgi Organization 27
3.4 Variability of Golgi Architecture 30
3.4.1 Golgi Architecture in the Course of Cell
Differentiation 31
4 Cytochemistry 33
4.1 Classic Cytochemical Reactions - Enzyme
Cytochemistry 33
4.1.1 Enzyme Modulations . . . . . . . . . 37
4.2 Immunocytochemistry......... 38
4.2.1 Newly Synthesized Molecules Traversing the Golgi
Apparatus .... 38
4.2.1.1 Secretory Molecules 38
4.2.1.2 Lysosomal Enzymes 39
4.2.1.3 Membrane Pro teins 39
4.2.2 Enzymes Involved in Glycan Biosynthesis 40
4.2.3 Antibodies Directed Against Golgi-Associated
Molecules ............. . 41
4.2.4 Lysosomal Membrane Antigens . . . . . 41
4.2.5 c-AMP-Dependent Pro tein Kinase Type 11 42
4.3 Lectin Cytochemistry 42
4.3.1 Concanavalin A 45
VII
4.3.2 Ricinus communis I Agglutinin 47
4.3.3 Helix pomatia Lectin 47
4.3.4 Pisum sativum Lectin 51
4.3.5 Lens culinaris Lectin 51
5 Uptake in the Golgi Apparatus of Internalized
Moleeules .............. . 56
6 Discussion 58
6.1 Morphologie Subseetions - Functional
Subcompartments ....... . 58
6.2 Morphology and Classic Cytochemistry 58
6.3 Immunocytochemistry and Lectin Cytochemistry 59
6.3.1 Exit Sites .......... . 63
6.3.2 Variability of the Golgi Architecture 64
6.3.3 Mosaiclike Patterns . 65
6.3.4 "Backbone Cisternae" 68
7 Summary 69
References 70
Addendum 90
Subject Index 92
VIII
1 Introduction
The complex apparatus of stacked cisternae, tubules, and vesicles, "il apparato
reticulare interno " (Fig. 1), first described by Camillo Golgi in 1898 (Golgi
1898), then neglected during many years, has been rediscovered and in the
last decades been proved a central crossroad in intracellular traffic. Elements
of the Golgi apparatus are important stations in the routes of newly synthesized
molecules, including secretory molecules, membrane constituents, and lysosomal
enzymes, as weIl as internalized moleeules (Fig. 2; for recent reviews, see Bennett
1984; Dunphy and Rothman 1985; Farquhar 1985; Farquhar and Palade 1981;
Goldfischer 1982; Hand and Oliver 1981; Morri~ and Ovtracht 1977; Palade
1983; Rothman 1985; Slot and Geuze 1983; Tartakoff 1980, 1983 a; V ölkl 1980;
Whaley and Dauwalder 1979).
Flat cisternae (saccules), interconnected by tubular-reticular elements, are
arranged in parallel to form a system of stacks, the characteristic "Golgi stacks"
(dictyosomes; Fig. 3), which represent morphologie subunits of the complex
organelle. The stacked cisternae are the sites where multiple posttranslational
modifications occur at newly synthesized molecules, such as insertion ofterminal
Fig. 1 a, b. Epithelium of the rat small intestine. Affinity cytochemical labeling of the Golgi
apparatus. HPA-HRP conjugates. In a, the epithelium is sectioned perpendicularly to the
surface showing the characteristic supranuclear position of the Golgi apparatus in the absorp
tive cells and in a go biet cell (:-); in the oblique seetion in b, the reticular, ring- or gobletlike
arrangement of the Golgi elements is apparent. a x 1600; b x 1800
1
ER
PM
Fig. 2. Cellular transport routes involving elements of the Golgi complex.
A 1, Nuclear envelope-to-Golgi route ofnewly synthesized molecules.
2, Endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi route of newly synthesized molecules.
B, 1, Golgi intercompartmental route; traffk of newly synthesized molecules from one Golgi
subcompartment to others.
C, Golgi-to-final destination route of newly synthesized molecules.
1, Golgi-to-cell surface route of secretory molecules.
2, Golgi-to-plasma membrane route of plasma membrane molecules.
3, Golgi-to-lysosome route of lysosom al enzymes.
D, 1, Cell surface-to-Golgi route of internalized molecules.
Recycling routes.
D, 1', Golgi-to-plasma membrane recycling route of plasma membrane receptors.
C, 1', Plasma membrane-to-Golgi recycling route ofmolecules involved in secretory pathways.
2', Plasma membrane-to-Golgi recycling routes of molecules involved in transport of plasma
membrane constituents.
3', Lysosome (or prelysosomal compartment)-to-Golgi route of receptors for lysosom al
enzymes.
B, 1', Golgi intercompartmental recycling route.
A, 1', Golgi-to-nuclear envelope recycling route.
2', Golgi-to-endoplasmic reticulum recycling route.
NE, nuclear envelope; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; PM, plasma membrane; Ly, lysosome
sugars into N-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins and synthe
sis of O-glycosidically linked glycans (reviewed in e.g., Fleischer 1983; Hubbard
and Ivatt 1981; Kornfeld and Kornfeld 1985; Northcote 1979; Schachter and
Roseman 1980; Sturgess et al. 1978), formation of the lysosomal recognition
marker (e.g., Pohlmann et al. 1982; Sly and Fischer 1982), sulfation (e.g., Fatem
and Leblond 1985; Herzog 1985; Lee and Huttner 1985; Young 1973), and
proteolytic cleavage (e.g., Orci et al. 1985b). Golgi-associated processes include
steps in the synthesis and transport of proteoglycans (e.g., Kimura et al. 1984;
Ratcliffe etal. 1985; Stowetal. 1985) and lipids (Keenan etal. 1974; Lipsky
and Pagano 1985 a, b; Yusuf et al. 1983, 1984). Final formation and packaging
of lipoprotein particles (e.g., Banerjee and Redman 1984; Christensen et al.
2