Frost Resistance of Concrete PDF
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Frost Resistance of Concrete Frost Resistance of Concrete Proceedings of the International RILEM Workshop on Resistance of Concrete to Freezing and Thawing With or Without De-icing Chemicals University of Essen, September 22-23, 1997 EDITED BY Max Josef Setzer IBPM Institute of Building Physics and Materials Science University of Essen Essen (Ruhr) Germany Rainer Auberg IBPM Institute of Building Physics and Materials Science University of Essen Essen (Ruhr) Germany Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK Taylor & Francis 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX 14 4RN First edition 1997 Transferred to Digital Printing 2005 © 1997 RILEM ISBN 0419 229000 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Publisher's Note This book has been prepared from camera-ready copy provided by the individual contributors in order to make the book available for the workshop. CONTENTS Preface ix Part I Material Parameters and Concrete Design The influence of material parameters on freeze-thaw 3 resistance with and without deicing salt D. J. Jans sen Effects of fly ash on microstructure and deicer salt 11 scaling resistance of concrete J. Marchand, Y. Maltais, Y. Machabee, C. Talbot andM. Pigeon Laboratory and field studies of salt scaling in fly ash concrete 21 M.D.A. Thomas Influence of the type of cement on the freeze-thaw 31 resistance of the mortar phase of concrete C. Girodet, M. Chabannet, J.L. Base andJ. Per a Frost resisting and waterproof fine-grained slag 41 ash concrete for roofs of residential structures S.I. Pavlenko, A.A. Permyakov and V.K. Aphanasiev Water resistant low water consumption plaster binder 48 K.K. Abdrakhmanova Influence of sand on the freeze-thaw resistance 53 of the mortar phase of concrete C. Girodet, J.L. Base, M. Chabannet and J. Per a Investigations on freeze-thaw resistance of recycling concrete 61 H.K. Hilsdorf, R. Kottas and H.S. Mtiller Freeze-thaw resistance of concrete with recycled aggregates 73 R. Dillmann vi Contents Part II Chemical Parameters Frost resistance with and without deicing salt — 83 a purely physical problem? J. Stark Influence of CsA content on frost and scaling resistance 100 J. Stark, A. Eckart and H. -M. Ludwig Influence of cement type on resistance against freezing and 111 thawing, with or without deicing chemicals, of cement mortar U. Baiters and U. Ludwig Freeze-deicing salt resistance of concretes 123 containing cement rich in slag J. Stark and H.-M. Ludwig Frost and frost-deicing salt resistance of 139 supersulphated cement concrete U. KnaackandJ. Stark Sorption of chlorides on hydrated cements and CsS pastes 146 O. Wowra and M.J. Setzer Part III Physical Parameters and Testing Basis of testing the freeze-thaw resistance: 157 surface and internal deterioration M.J. Setzer Effect of finishing, forming and curing on de-icer 174 salt scaling resistance of concretes R.D. Hooton and A. Boyd Influence of preconditioning on scaling resistance 184 for different types of test surfaces P. Utgenannt and P. -E. Petersson An experimental study on frost resistance of 195 concrete considering drying effects Y. Hama, E. Kamada andC.G. Han Contents vii A mechanism of frost damage of concrete under supercooling 202 O. Katsura and E. Kamada Length changes of concrete specimen during 212 frost deicing salt resistance test J. Kaufinann and W, Studer Moisture absorption from salt solutions in cement 222 mortar discs during freezing S. Lindmark Influence of water uptake during freezing and thawing 232 R. Auberg and M.J. Setzer Scaling and internal cracking in wet freeze/thaw testing 246 S. Jacobsen The infrared thermal image characteristic and injured 255 degree evaluation of freeze-thaw injured concrete X. Zhang and J.H. Han Testing of freeze-thaw resistance portland cement 261 compositions by low temperature dilatometry M.A. Sanitsky, V.M. Melnyk, M.Z. Loza and I. V. Shichnenko The reasons of damping maximums of hardened 269 cement paste (hep) at extremely low temperature X.XuandM.J. Setzer Subzero temperature investigation of autoclaved 281 concrete with gypsum added J. Adolphs, M.J. Setzer and S. Shibata Damping measurements for nondestructive 288 evaluation of concrete beams E.A. Yokes, S.L. Clarke and D.J. Janssen Standard methods for freeze-thaw tests: 298 a European research programme E. Siebel and H. Graf viii Contents Frost failure and rapid test method of concrete frost resistance 299 A.I. Panchenko Concrete frost resistance test methods 307 N.K. Rozentahl Temperature shock test for the determination 314 of the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete M. Maultzsch and K. Gunther Internal frost attack — state of the art 321 G. Fagerlund Appendix: RILEM recommendation 339 Author Index 353 Keyword Index 355 PREFACE In 1990 RILEM TC 117 FDC ,,Freeze Thaw and Deicing Salt Resistance" had its inaugural session here in Essen. Since then we have had meetings in Great Brit- ain/Brighton, Sweden/Lund, France/Lyon, Switzerland/Dubendorf, Canada/Quebec, Norway/Trondheim, Japan/Sapporo and Finland/Espoo. The committee consists of: Chairman: Max J. Setzer, Germany; Secretary: Rainer Auberg, Germany; Members: Dirch Eager, Denmark; Gjo'ran Fagerlund, Sweden; Volker Hartmann, Germany; Stefan Jacobsen, Norway; Don Janssen, USA; Heikki Kukko, Finland; Jaques Marchand, Canada; Takashi Miura, Japan; Per-Eric Petersson, Sweden; Michel Pigeon, Canada; Terje F. Ronning, Norway; Eric Sellevold, Norway; Eberhard Siebel, Germany; Jochen Stark, Germany; Werner Studer, Switzerland; Corresponding Members: Christian Clergue, France; J.R. Clifton, USA; Corinne Dubois, France; Geoffrey Frohnsdorf, USA; Y. Guerpillon, France; J. Prost, France; A. Reymond, France; Kenneth A. Snyder, USA; Rupert Springenschrnid, Germany. During the tenure of this committee remarkable research efforts have been given and round robin testing has been done by the committee members covering all aspects of basic research in frost action, application and test procedures. It has been a great honour for me to chair this committee. I want to thank all the members for their con- structive co-operation, excellent discussions and personal support. The work has been a fruitful exchange of ideas, experience and experimental results. The workshop here in Essen should be a culminating effort which has its basis in the work of this RILEM TC 117 FDC. The resonance of consensus researchers indi- cates that the topic of this work is still of high interest both for people in practice con- fronted with durability problems and for researchers in the basic and applied field. The proceedings of this workshop should be a basis and starting point for the future research work in freeze thaw and deicing salt resistance. There are still unsolved problems in the basic understanding of the dynamic process of freezing and thawing and deicing salt attack, in the chemical and physical processes involved and in meas- uring the internal damage due to these attacks. Therefore, RILEM General Council decided to start a new technical committee: RILEM TC IDC ,,Internal Damage of Concrete due to Frost Action". I am honored to be the host of this international workshop. I thank all the authors for their contributions. Many thanks to the sponsors of the workshop: the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Ministerium fur Wissenschaft und Forschung des Lan- des Nordrhein-Westfalen, the Readymix AG, the E. Schwenk Zementwerke KG, the Bundesverband Deutsche Beton- und Fertigteilindustrie e.V., the Katzenberger GmbH & Co. KG, the Dyckerhoff Zement-GmbH and the University GH Essen. And I thank my secretaries of RILEM TC 117 FDC, Dr. Hartmann (until 1992) and Mr. Auberg (since 1992) for their work and for their dedication. I hope that both the workshop and this book are a source of insight for the partici- pants and the readers of these proceedings. Max J. Setzer, June 9, 1997
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