Frontiers in Ovarian Cancer Science

313 Pages·2017·13.018 MB·English

by  Hidetaka Katabuchi (eds.)

Comprehensive Gynecology and Obstetrics
Hidetaka Katabuchi
Editor
Frontiers in
Ovarian Cancer
Science
Comprehensive Gynecology
and Obstetrics
Series Editor
Ikuo Konishi
National Kyoto Medical Center
Kyoto
Japan
Hidetaka Katabuchi
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Kumamoto University
Kumamoto
Japan
This series presents the current and future perspectives of medical science in
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13621
Hidetaka Katabuchi
Editor
Frontiers in Ovarian
Cancer Science
Editor
Hidetaka Katabuchi
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Kumamoto University
Kumamoto
Japan
ISSN 2364-1932 ISSN 2364-219X (electronic)
Comprehensive Gynecology and Obstetrics
ISBN 978-981-10-4159-4 ISBN 978-981-10-4160-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4160-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017950491
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Preface
The ovaries are not only reproductive organs that hold the ova, which are a source
of life, but also endocrine organs that produce female sex steroid hormones. Diverse
germ cell tumors and sex-cord tumors develop from respective precursor cells.
Although epithelial tumors, which constitute the most common type of ovarian
tumors, have long been thought to arise from the ovarian surface epithelium, a new
theory has emerged indicating that they can arise within the tubal fimbriae in serous
tubal intraepithelial cancer (STIC) as precursor cells. In 2014, the World Health
Organization revised its histological classifications of gynecological tumors for the
first time in 13 years based on these findings, issuing the WHO Classification of
Tumours of Female Reproductive Organs. Rapid advances in molecular biology
have resulted in a new classification of epithelial ovarian cancer into two types
through the addition of precursors and known molecular genetic alterations to the
conventional histological type. A new point of view for the diagnosis and prevention
of epithelial ovarian cancer was introduced when two genes responsible for heredi-
tary breast–ovarian cancer, which accounts for approximately 5–10% of cases of
epithelial ovarian cancer, were identified.
Clinically, over the past 30 years, a markedly increasing trend in cases of epithe-
lial ovarian cancer has been seen in developed Western countries. Epithelial ovarian
cancer is now the eighth most common disease among women worldwide and the
seventh leading cause of death. For cases of epithelial ovarian cancer, half of which
are progressive cancer cases, it is important to implement multimodal therapy with
surgery and chemotherapy. As various international clinical trials on chemotherapy
with platinum agents and taxane are under way, new and innovative treatments such
as neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) are beginning to be clinically applied. In addi-
tion to the introduction of molecular-targeted therapy, the current feasibility of
immunotherapy has made it possible to anticipate improvement in the long-term
prognosis. However, as no marked improvement in prognosis for cases of progres-
sive ovarian cancer is expected, the most important clinical issue is the treatment of
recurrent ovarian cancer, with the basis of treatment being the early introduction of
palliative medicine. Moreover, the introduction of the concept of oncofertility is an
important issue for young patients, while treatment strategies for elderly patients,
whose number is increasing with the aging population, must not be neglected.
On this topic, we scientifically studied ovarian cancer and summarized the basic
principles and frontline clinical management in Chap. 17. I take pride in the fact that
v
vi Preface
all authors are highly renowned in their field worldwide. I sincerely hope that this
book becomes a must-have resource not only for basic scientists and gynecologic
oncologists but also for many doctors, ranging from those in the younger generation
who have just started engaging in research or clinical care to experienced
gynecologists.
Kumamoto, Japan Hidetaka Katabuchi
Contents
1 Epidemiology and Etiology of Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Hiroyuki Nomura, Naomi Iwasa, Tomoko Yoshihama,
Yoshiko Nanki, and Daisuke Aoki
2 Hereditary Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Masayuki Sekine and Takayuki Enomoto
3 Morphological and Molecular Pathogenesis of Epithelial
Ovarian Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Hironori Tashiro, Yuko Imamura, Takeshi Motohara,
Isao Sakaguchi, and Hidetaka Katabuchi
4 Screening and Prevention of Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Hiroshi Kobayashi
5 Pathology of Epithelial Ovarian Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Hiroyuki Yanai
6 P athology of Non-epithelial Ovarian Tumors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Masaharu Fukunaga
7 Ovarian Cancer Genome and Molecular
Experimental Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Noriomi Matsumura and Ikuo Konishi
8 Strategies for the Management of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . 155
Nozomu Yanaihara and Aikou Okamoto
9 Strategies for the Management of Epithelial Ovarian
Borderline Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Kimio Ushijima
10 Strategies for the Management of Non- epithelial
Ovarian Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Satoru Kyo
11 Primary Surgical Treatment of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . 191
Mikio Mikami
vii
viii Contents
12 Primary Chemotherapy and Targeted Molecular Therapy
of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Satoru Nagase, Tsuyoshi Ohta, and Manabu Seino
13 Immunology and Immunotherapy in Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Masaki Mandai, Junzo Hamanishi, Kaoru Abiko,
Noriomi Matsumura, Tsukasa Baba, and Ikuo Konishi
14 Treatment of Recurrent Epithelial Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Shintaro Yanazume and Hiroaki Kobayashi
15 Management of Ovarian Cancer in Adolescents
and Young Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Norihito Yoshioka and Nao Suzuki
16 Management of Ovarian Cancer in the Elderly Population . . . . . . . . . 281
Masanori Kaneuchi and Hideaki Masuzaki
17 Palliative Medicine in the Management of Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . 305
Masaki Fujimura
Epidemiology and Etiology of Ovarian 1
Cancer
Hiroyuki Nomura, Naomi Iwasa, Tomoko Yoshihama,
Yoshiko Nanki, and Daisuke Aoki
Abstract
The median age of patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer is 63 years in the
United States, and the risk for developing this cancer increases with age. The
age-adjusted incidence rate of ovarian cancer is 11.9 per 100,000 females, which
is relatively low, and it ranks 17th among all cancers. On the other hand, the
mortality from this cancer is relatively high, and the age-adjusted mortality is 7.5
per 100,000 females. Both the annual incidence rate and the mortality have been
declining in recent years, reflecting advances in treatment. From a global view-
point, the incidence rate is higher in developed countries (especially in Northern
Europe) compared to developing countries.
Although the cause of ovarian cancer is still unknown, several risk factors
related to its development have been identified. The most important factors are
the family history and genetic background, which account for approximately
10% of ovarian cancer. Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer and Lynch syn-
drome are associated with mutations of certain genes. Other causes of ovarian
cancer that have been suggested include continuous ovulation, excessive gonad-
otropin stimulation, excessive hormone stimulation, and pelvic inflammation.
Ovarian cancer occurs more frequently among nulliparous women and infertile
women, while it is less frequent among women with a history of oral contracep-
tive use, pregnancy, or breastfeeding.
Keywords
Ovarian cancer • Incidence rate • Mortality • Risk factor
H. Nomura, M.D., Ph.D. • N. Iwasa, M.D. • T. Yoshihama, M.D. • Y. Nanki, M.D.
D. Aoki, M.D., Ph.D. (*)
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine,
35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
e-mail: [email protected]
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 1
H. Katabuchi (ed.), Frontiers in Ovarian Cancer Science, Comprehensive
Gynecology and Obstetrics, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4160-0_1