From Molecules to Materials: Pathways to Artificial Photosynthesis

321 Pages·2015·8.8 MB·English

by  Elena A. Rozhkova

Elena A. Rozhkova · Katsuhiko Ariga
Editors
From
Molecules
to Materials
Pathways to Artifi cial Photosynthesis
From Molecules to Materials

Elena A. Rozhkova (cid:129) Katsuhiko Ariga
Editors
From Molecules to Materials
Pathways to Artifi cial Photosynthesis
Editors
Elena A. Rozhkova Katsuhiko Ariga
Center for Nanoscale Materials Supermolecules Unit, Research
Argonne National Laboratory Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics
Argonne , IL , USA National Institute for Materials Science
Tsukuba , Ibaraki , Japan
ISBN 978-3-319-13799-5 ISBN 978-3-319-13800-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-13800-8
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015933813
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015
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Pref ace
This multifaceted book focuses on the various aspects of a rtifi cial photosynthesis
that replicates the natural processes of capturing, conversion, and storage of solar
energy. Assisted by photocatalysts, artifi cial photosynthetic schemes allow the
direct transformation of sunlight, an infi nite energy source, into energy-rich chemi-
cal compounds, mostly hydrogen and organic molecules. Motivated by exponen-
tially growing societal demands for clean energy within the last decade, artifi cial
photosynthesis became a multidisciplinary consortium that combines efforts of
biologists, chemists, materials scientists, and engineers. Artifi cial photosynthesis
fi eld spans from the understanding of fundamental biological principles of sunlight
capturing and splitting of water toward engineered functioning devices. The intro-
duction of nanoscience, nanotechnology, and nanoscale materials gives an addi-
tional thrust to the fi eld. The fi nal goal of such multidimensional efforts is to engineer
advanced materials with tunable photophysical properties capable of converting
solar energy to chemical fuels having high performance in an environmentally
friendly and cost-effi cient fashion. The building blocks for such advanced energy
conversion systems are based on naturally abundant, inexpensive, and stable inor-
ganic materials (semiconductors, carbon materials), organic molecules (dyes), and
bioorganic complexes (light harvesting structures, hydrogenases, proton pumps).
The fi rst chapter, by K. Domen and coauthors, introduces the readers to the fi eld,
providing a comprehensive overview of the main concepts of the thermodynamics
of photocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry, design of visible-light-driven semi-
conducting materials, as well as the current understanding of the mechanisms of
these reactions. Hashimoto and Uragami describe natural tactics applicable in the
development of artifi cial fuel producing systems. The second chapter, by Llansola-
Portoles, Palacios, Gust, Thomas Moore, and Ana Moore, demonstrates how knowl-
edge of natural photosynthesis has been employed in building artifi cial systems,
starting from early simple molecular reaction center constructs to the development
of more complex systems for the conversion of solar energy to fuel. The following
four chapters are dealing with hybrid-based systems that include biological struc-
tures as building blocks. In particular, Armstrong, Bachmeier, and Siritanaratkul
focus on interfacing hydrogenases with energy materials with the ultimate purpose
v
vi Preface
to “upgrade them to work like enzymes.” Braun, Bora, and Gajda-Schrantz sum-
marize works on bio-hybrid electrodes of various types, with particular interest on
bio-functionalized hematite photoanodes and synthetic methods for the integration
of biomolecules with an electrode. Corronado and coauthors and Aresta and coau-
thors review the current challenges of photocatalytic CO reduction in two chapters.
2
Next, Ito and D’Souza present the recent advances in photo-sensitized electron-
transfer processes on nanocarbon (fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns,
graphene) surfaces for artifi cial photosynthesis applications. A chapter presented by
Huang and coauthors provides an overview of the plasmonic photocatalysis, one of
the most recent developments in the fi eld. The principal feature of this approach is
utilization of the localized surface plasmon resonance effects originated from noble
metal nanoparticles interfaced with semiconductor particles. The last two chapters
(Guo et al.; Bora and Braun) review current status and perspectives of application of
synchrotron-based techniques for energy materials characterization.
W e are very thankful to all the authors for the generous contribution of their
time and for sharing their expertise through excellent comprehensive chapters.
We believe that this book will become a desk companion for the multidisciplinary
community of students and professionals, for general readers interested in modern
technologies, and for everyone who cares for the global future of civilization. We
would like to express our gratitude to Ania Levinson and Springer for giving us the
opportunity to bring this exciting fi eld to a wider audience and for great cooperation
in preparing this book.
Argonne, IL, USA Elena A. Rozhkova
Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Katsuhiko Ariga
Contents
Semiconductors for Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical
Solar Water Splitting ...................................................................................... 1
Guijun Ma, Takashi Hisatomi, and Kazunari Domen
Artificial Photosynthesis Producing Solar Fuels: Natural Tactics
of Photosynthesis ............................................................................................. 57
Hideki Hashimoto and Chiasa Uragami
Artificial Photosynthesis: From Molecular
to Hybrid Nanoconstructs .............................................................................. 71
Manuel J. Llansola-Portoles, Rodrigo E. Palacios, Devens Gust,
Thomas A. Moore, and Ana L. Moore
Enzymes as Exploratory Catalysts in Artificial Photosynthesis ................. 99
Andreas Bachmeier, Bhavin Siritanaratkul, and Fraser A. Armstrong
Solar Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting with Bioconjugate
and Bio-Hybrid Electrodes ............................................................................. 125
Debajeet K. Bora, Artur Braun, and Krisztina Gajda-Schrantz
Hybrid (Enzymatic and Photocatalytic) Systems
for CO-Water Coprocessing to Afford Energy-Rich Molecules ................ 149
2
Michele Aresta, Angela Dibenedetto, and Wojciech Macyk
Current Challenges of CO Photocatalytic Reduction Over
2
Semiconductors Using Sunlight ..................................................................... 171
Víctor A. de la Peña O’Shea, David P. Serrano, and Juan M. Coronado
Functionalized Nanocarbons for Artificial Photosynthesis:
From Fullerene to SWCNT, Carbon Nanohorn, and Graphene ................ 193
Osamu Ito and Francis D’Souza
vii
viii Contents
Plasmonic Photocatalysts with Wide Light Absorption Spectra
and High Charge Separation Efficiencies ..................................................... 241
Zeyan Wang, Baibiao Huang, Peng Wang, Hefeng Cheng,
Zhaoke Zheng, Zaizhu Lou, and Ying Dai
Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy and Electronic Structure of 3d Transition
Metal Compounds in Artificial Photosynthesis Materials .......................... 269
Mukes Kapilashrami, Yi-Sheng Liu, Per-Anders Glans, and Jinghua Guo
Assessment of the Electronic Structure of Photo-electrodes
with X-Ray and Electron Spectroscopy ........................................................ 297
Debajeet K. Bora and Artur Braun
Semiconductors for Photocatalytic
and Photoelectrochemical Solar
Water Splitting
Guijun Ma, Takashi Hisatomi, and Kazunari Domen
Abstract The fossil energy resources upon which we are heavily dependent will
inevitably be depleted in the not-so-distant future. Solar energy may be the best and
perhaps only choice for meeting long-term human energy needs. Photocatalytic and
photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting are ideal approaches to the conversion
of solar energy into clean chemical energy H , an excellent energy carrier. In this
2
chapter, basic concepts including thermodynamics and experimental methods of
photocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry were introduced. As an important aspect
of this research, the design of visible-light-driven semiconducting materials was
discussed. Then, we summarized recent advancements in photocatalytic and photo-
electrochemical water splitting, as well as the current understanding of the mecha-
nisms of these reactions.
Keywords Photocatalysis • Photoelectrochemistry • Semiconductor • Water
splitting•Hydrogen
1 Introduction
Over the past 1,000 years, human beings were never forced to seriously consider the
issue of energy depletion because of their relatively small population and low energy
consumption. Today however, the situation has changed drastically. Exhaustible
fossil fuels represent about 80 % of the total world energy supply. It has been esti-
mated that the presently known reserves of oil will last approximately 40 years,
while those of natural gas and coal will last approximately 60 and 150 years, respec-
tively [1]. On the other hand, with the rapid increase in global population, energy
needs are likely to double within the next 50 years [2]. Moreover, this heavy reli-
ance on fossil fuels is associated with a tremendous production of C, N, S, and P
pollution. It is extremely important to develop an abundant and clean energy
G.Ma•T.Hisatomi•K.Domen(*)
DepartmentofChemicalSystemEngineering,TheUniversityofTokyo,
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
e-mail: [email protected]
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 1
E.A. Rozhkova, K. Ariga (eds.), From Molecules to Materials,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-13800-8_1