From Migrant to Citizen: Testing Language, Testing Culture PDF
Preview From Migrant to Citizen: Testing Language, Testing Culture
LanguageandGlobalization Series Editors: Sue Wright, University of Portsmouth, UK and Helen Kelly-Holmes,UniversityofLimerick,Ireland. Inthecontextofcurrentpoliticalandsocialdevelopments,wherethenational groupisnotsoclearlydefinedanddelineated,thestatelanguagenotsoclearly dominant in every domain, and cross-border flows and transfers affect more than a small elite, new patterns of language use will develop. The series aims toprovideaframeworkforreportingonandanalysingthelinguisticoutcomesof globalizationandlocalization. Titlesinclude: DavidBlock MULTILINGUALIDENTITIESINAGLOBALCITY LondonStories JennyCarlandPatrickStevenson(editors) LANGUAGE,DISCOURSEANDIDENTITYINCENTRALEUROPE TheGermanLanguageinaMultilingualSpace DiarmaitMacGiollaChrióst LANGUAGEANDTHECITY JulianEdge(editor) (RE)LOCATINGTESOLINANAGEOFEMPIRE AleksandraGalasin´skaandMichałKrzyz˙anowski(editors) DISCOURSEANDTRANSFORMATIONINCENTRALANDEASTERNEUROPE RoxyHarris NEWETHNICITIESANDLANGUAGEUSE JaneJackson INTERCULTURALJOURNEYS FromStudytoResidenceAbroad HelenKelly-HolmesandGerlindeMautner(editors) LANGUAGEANDTHEMARKET ClareMar-MolineroandPatrickStevenson(editors) LANGUAGEIDEOLOGIES,POLICIESANDPRACTICES LanguageandtheFutureofEurope ClareMar-MolineroandMirandaStewart(editors) GLOBALIZATIONANDLANGUAGEINTHESPANISH-SPEAKINGWORLD MacroandMicroPerspectives UlrikeHannaMeinhofandDariuszGalasinski THELANGUAGEOFBELONGING RichardC.M.Mole(editor) DISCURSIVECONSTRUCTIONSOFIDENTITYINEUROPEANPOLITICS LeighOakesandJaneWarren LANGUAGE,CITIZENSHIPANDIDENTITYINQUEBEC ChristinaSladeandMartinaMöllering(editors) FROMMIGRANTTOCITIZEN:TESTINGLANGUAGE,TESTINGCULTURE ColinWilliams LINGUISTICMINORITIESINDEMOCRATICCONTEXT Forthcomingtitles: JohnEdwards CHALLENGESINTHESOCIALLIFEOFLANGUAGE MarioSaraceni THERELOCATIONOFENGLISH LanguageandGlobalization SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–1–4039–9731–9Hardback 978–1–4039–9732–6Paperback (outsideNorthAmericaonly) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to usattheaddressbelowwithyournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesand theISBNquotedabove. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XS,England From Migrant to Citizen Testing Language, Testing Culture Editedby Christina Slade CityUniversity,London,UnitedKingdom and Martina Möllering MacquarieUniversity,Australia Editorialmatterandselection©ChristinaSladeandMartinaMöllering2010 Chapters©theirindividualauthors2010 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-57633-9 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6-10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentified astheauthorsofthisworkinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2010by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-36619-4 ISBN 978-0-230-28140-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230281400 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Frommigranttocitizen:testinglanguage,testingculture/ editedbyChristinaSlade,MartinaMollering. p. cm.—(Languageandglobalization) 1. Languageandlanguages—Abilitytesting. 2. Languagepolicy. 3. Immigrants—Language. 4. Immigrants—Culturalassimilation. 5. Citizenship—Australia. 6. Citizenship. I. Slade,Christina. II. Möllering,Martina. P53.F752010 407.6—dc22 2010004787 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Contents ListofTablesandFigures vii Foreword viii NotesonContributors xv Part I CitizenshipinAustralia:FromEmpireto MulticulturalStateandBack 1 ShiftingLandscapesofCitizenship 3 ChristinaSlade 2 CitizenshipandLanguageTestsinAustralia:IssuesofLaw andHistory 24 A.R.BuckandCharlotteFrew 3 AustralianCitizenshipintheTwenty-FirstCentury: HistoricalPerspectives 39 AlisonHolland 4 FromVirtuestoValues:ConceptionsofAustralian Citizenship 60 IanTregenza 5 TheValueofValues?DebatingIdentity,Citizenship andMulticulturalisminContemporaryAustralia 77 LloydCox Part II Cross-NationalPerspectivesonCitizenship: AConvergenceofTestingRegimes? 6 CitizenshipTestingintheAnglophoneCountries:TheUK, CanadaandtheUSA 101 MarianHargreaves 7 CivicIntegrationintheNetherlands 125 ChristinaSlade v vi Contents 8 TheChangingScopeofGermanCitizenship:From‘Guest Worker’toCitizen? 145 MartinaMöllering 9 ‘DoIfeelAustralian?NoYouTellMe’:Debatingthe IntroductionoftheAustralianFormalCitizenshipTest 164 EmilyFarrell Part III CitizenshipTestsUnder Revision:PhilosophicalImplicationsandPopular Attitudes 10 Citizenship,Identity,andImmigration:Contemporary PhilosophicalPerspectives 191 CatrionaMackenzie 11 NativismasCitizenship:Immigration,Economic Hardship,andthePoliticsoftheRight 217 MurrayGootandIanWatson 12 FromEarningthePrivilegeofCitizenshipto UnderstandingitsResponsibilities:AnUpdate onAustralianCitizenshipTesting 236 MartinaMölleringandLindaSilaghi Afterword:Naturalisation,Rights,DutiesandWaning Sovereignty 256 SueWright Index 266 List of Tables and Figures Tables 6.1 Requirementsforcitizenship 107 6.2 Methodsoftesting 114 11.1 Nativismscale:Factorscontributingtoscore 219 11.2 OLSregressiononnativismscore 221 11.3 Binomiallogitmodelforwantingimmigrationreduced 224 11.4a Multinomiallogitmodelforvoting,non-interaction specification 227 11.4b Multinomiallogitmodelforvoting,interaction specification 229 Figures 11.1 Nativism:effectsofeducationandbirthplace 222 11.2 Nativism,educationandreductionsinimmigration 225 11.3 Nativism,economichardshipandvotingforpartiesof theRight 231 vii Foreword Christina Slade and Martina Möllering The issues of citizenship and migration are shared between classical countries of immigration and those nations of Western Europe for whom immigration is largely a post-war phenomenon. The political contextoftheearlytwenty-firstcenturyhasseenashiftindebatesabout citizenship testing across the nations we examine, reflecting a shift in theroleofthenationstate,intheunderstandingofnationalvaluesand a transformation of both the concepts and practices of the multicul- tural state. All too often, the various debates about citizenship testing remainisolated.Linguistsdiscussthelevelandcomplexityoflanguage skills required by national tests; cultural theorists examine the under- pinnings of the supposed national cultural knowledge that is tested; and others describe how those tested interpret the process. Historians describe the precursors and earlier forms of tests for citizenship and thehistoricalfactorsinfluencingtheirintroduction.Lawyerslooktothe constitutionality of tests; political theorists and philosophers examine the understanding of the relationship between the individual and the state that is presupposed by such tests; and sociologists describe their impact. Thisbookbringssuchdiversediscoursestogether,aimingtoidentify forms of reasoning about citizenship that survive disciplinary divides. Through close attention to the Australian case in the wake of the pro- posaltointroducecitizenshiptestingin2006,anditsre-emergenceafter theWoolcottReportin2008,weaimtochartthehistoricalbackground, the global context and the philosophical underpinnings of the turn to testing. While bureaucrats develop and politicians impose citizenship tests,asacademiclawyers,linguistsandhistoriansitisforustodebate thedetailoftests;andasphilosophers,sociologistsandculturaltheorists tolooktothepreconditionsforsuchteststoemerge. The book is divided into three parts: in the first part, the political debate on citizenship testing is set in the context of Australia’s history of citizenship. In the second part, we analyse the proliferation of new testsforcitizenship.Finally,weturntothephilosophicaldebatesabout identity,valuesandnationandtheimplicationsbothforAustraliaand forthewiderinternationalcommunity. viii Foreword ix PartI:CitizenshipinAustralia:FromEmpireto MulticulturalStateandBack This part provides an overview of citizenship testing in Australia. It begins with Christina Slade’s ‘Shifting Landscapes of Citizenship’. In the case studies presented in the book, drawing together apparently disparate local debates, Slade sees a broad similarity of approach by differentnationstates.Whilethismaybeaconsequenceofdirectmod- elling (such as the Australian government’s gathering of data from Netherlands), in her view it reflects a profoundly important shift in the political, philosophical, linguistic and cultural understanding of citizenshipitself. AndrewBuckandCharlotteFrewfollow,examiningthebroadercolo- nial context of the introduction of language tests across the British Empire. They note similarities with other settler societies, such as Canada and South Africa and insist on the historical background to moderndebatesaboutcitizenshiptesting.Theysuggestthatcitizenship as a legal category in Australia is exclusive rather than inclusive. Buck andFrewarguethatthedevelopmentofAustralianideasandlegislation on immigration and citizenship must be understood in the context of itscolonialorigins.NotonlyweretheAustraliansettlementsthemselves colonies, they also shared features with the colonial settler societies of CanadaandSouthAfrica.Throughadetailedexaminationofthosecolo- nialorigins,BuckandFrew’sChapter2shedsnewlightonthelegaland jurisprudential dimensions of the current debate over citizenship and languagetests. The implications of the developing historical context of citizenship testinginAustraliathroughoutlatenineteenthandtwentiethcenturies areatthecoreofAlisonHolland’sChapter3.Shearguesthatcitizenship testing has been an underlying assumption of citizenship policy from 1901, with an explicit function of vetting prospective citizens as suit- ableforacohesivenationunderpinnedbysharedvalues.Assimilationist policies of the 1950s and 60s, while aiming at inclusion, continued to be based on forms of testing. The White Australia Policy, designed to exclude non-Europeans, was predicated on an understanding of what a cohesive nation state would look like. Holland explains that even whenthepolicywasnolongerinplace,theideaoftestingimmigrants remainedtore-emergeasglobalpopulationmovements,asylumseekers andrefugeesbecamepoliticised. Ian Tregenza, in Chapter 4, places the Australian case in the broader context of nineteenth-century philosophical debate, and identifies the
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