From Bioimaging to Biosensors: Noble Metal Nanoparticles in Biodetection

316 Pages·2012·7.63 MB·\316

by  Chau Lai-Kwan (Editor), Huan-Tsung Chang (Editor)

From Bioimaging
to Biosensors
Noble Metal Nanoparticles
in Biodetection
Edited by
Lai-Kwan Chau
Huan-Tsung Chang

From Bioimaging
to Biosensors
Noble Metal Nanoparticles
in Biodetection
Edited by
Lai-Kwan Chau
Huan-Tsung Chang
CRC Press
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Contents
Preface xi
1. Synthesis and Optical Properties of Noble Metal
Nanoparticles for Biodetection 1
Hsing-Ying Lin, Ping-Ji Huang, Chen-Han Huang, Yen-Chieh Wang, and
Churng-Ren Chris Wang
1.1 Gold Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications 2
1.2 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles 3
1.3 Optical Properties of Noble Metal Nanoparticles 4
1.3.1 Fluorescing Noble Metal Clusters 4
1.3.2 Absorption Spectral Characteristics of Noble
Metal Nanorods 5
1.3.3 Scattering Spectra of Noble Metal Nanorods 7
2. Bioconjugation of Noble Metal Nanoparticles and
Their Applications to Biolabeling and Bioimaging 11
Chen-Sheng Yeh, Fong-Yu Cheng, and Chih-Chia Huang
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Bioconjugation of Noble Metal Nanoparticles 14
2.2.1 DNA Conjugation 15
2.2.2 Protein, Peptide, and Antibody Conjugation 16
2.2.3 Other Biomolecule Conjugation Methods 18
2.3 Applications of Noble Metal Nanoparticles to
Biolabeling and Bioimaging 19
2.3.1 X-Ray Computed Tomography 19
2.3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 19
2.3.3 Optical Imaging 23
2.4 Conclusion and Outlook 24
vi Contents
3. Colorimetric Bioassay Using Noble Metal
Nanoparticles 29
Ming-Feng Huang, Yang-Wei Lin, and Huan-Tsung Chang
3.1 Introduction 30
3.2 Synthesis of Au and Ag NPs 31
3.2.1 Wet Chemical Approaches 32
3.2.2 Stabilization 33
3.2.3 Functionalization 35
3.3 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance of Au
and Ag NPs 37
3.4 Applications 39
3.4.1 Crosslinking Aggregation-Based Assays 39
3.4.1.1 Protein assays 40
3.4.1.2 DNA and RNA assays 43
3.4.1.3 Small analyte assays 45
3.4.2 Non-Crosslinking Aggregation-Based Assays 46
3.4.2.1 DNA assays 47
3.4.2.2 Protein and small analyte assays 48
3.5 Summary 51
4. Slide- and Micoarray-Based Biosensors Using
Noble Metal Nanoparticles 57
Ping-Ji Huang and Lai-Kwan Chau
4.1 Introduction 58
4.2 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance 60
4.3 Slide-Based LSPR Biosensors 61
4.4 Microarray-Based LSPR Biosensors 70
4.5 Conclusions and Outlook 72
5. Optical Waveguide-Based Biosensors Using
Noble Metal Nanoparticles 77
Lai-Kwan Chau, Chang-Yue Chiang, Wei-Ting Hsu, Shin-Huei Chen, and
Shu-Fang Cheng
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 Principle of the Biosensors 80
5.3 Optical Fiber-Based PPR Biosensor 86
Contents vii
5.4 Planar Waveguide-Based PPR Biosensor 93
5.5 Tubular Waveguide-Based PPR Biosensor 96
5.6 Conclusions and Outlook 98
6. Fabrication of Biosensor Chips 103
Wei Te Wu, Guo-Hua Feng, and Wen Hsin Hsieh
6.1 Photolithography Process 103
6.1.1 Substrate Cleaning 105
6.1.2 Photoresist Selection and Application 107
6.1.3 Photomask Design/Fabrication and Alignment 108
6.1.4 Photoresist Exposure and Development 110
6.2 Soft Lithography 111
6.2.1 Lithography: Deep UV Lithography 112
6.2.2 Electrodeposition: Electroplating 114
6.2.3 Micro Molding: Hot-Embossing and
Micro-Injection 116
6.2.4 Bonding 118
6.3 Fabrication of Diffraction Gratings 119
6.3.1 Diamond Ruling 120
6.3.2 Gray-Scale Lithography 120
6.3.3 Holographic Exposure 122
6.3.4 Electron-Beam Direct Writing 123
6.3.5 Nanoimprint Lithography 124
6.4 Manufacture of Optical Fiber Windows 124
6.4.1 Etching Method 127
6.4.2 Polishing Method 128
6.4.3 Ultrashort High-Energy Pulse Laser
Processing Method 129
6.5 Conclusions and Outlook 131
7. Micro(cid:976)luidics for Biosensor Chips 135
Shau-Chun Wang
7.1 Introduction 136
7.2 Fabrication of Micro(cid:976)luidic Devices 137
7.3 Particle Plasmon Resonance Detection in Micro(cid:976)luidic
Devices Using Noble Metal Nanoparticles 139
viii Contents
7.3.1 Micro(cid:976)luidic Devices to Facilitate
PPR Detection 140
7.3.2 Micro(cid:976)luidic Mixer to Improve
PPR Detection 142
7.4 Integration of Biosensing Systems Using Noble
Metal Nanoparticles with Mass Spectrometer 143
7.5 Fluorescence Spectroscopic Detectionin Micro(cid:976)luidic
Devices Using Noble Metal Nanoparticles 146
7.5.1 Applying Gold Nanoparticles as Quenching
Acceptors to Förster Resonance Energy
Transfer (FRET) Detections 146
7.5.2 Using Silver Nanoparticles in Surface Plasmon
Coupled Fluorescence Detection 148
7.5.3 Immobilizing a Catalytic DNA Molecular Beacon
on Au Nanoparticle to Detect Pb(II) Species 150
7.6 Other Detection Techniques in Micro(cid:976)luidic Devices
Using Noble Metal Nanoparticles 150
7.6.1 Micro(cid:976)luidic Devices to Facilitate Surface-
Enhanced Raman Scattering Detections 150
7.6.2 Micro(cid:976)luidic Devices to Facilitate Thermal
Lens Detections 151
7.7 Conclusion 152
8. Biodetection Based on Resonance Light Scattering
of Noble Metal Nanoparticles 157
Tai-Chia Chiu and Cho-Chun Hu
8.1 Introduction 158
8.2 Basic Theory of RLS 159
8.2.1 RLS of Plasmonic NPs 160
8.3 Applications of NP-Based RLS Techniques 161
8.3.1 Au NPs as RLS Probes 162
8.3.1.1 Small analytes 162
8.3.1.2 Proteins 168
8.3.1.3 DNA 171
8.3.2 Ag NPs as RLS Probes 174
Contents ix
8.3.2.1 Small analytes 174
8.3.2.2 Biopolymers 175
8.4 Conclusions and Outlook 176
9. Photoluminescence of Gold Nanoparticles and Their
Applications to Sensing and Cell Imaging 181
Chih-Ching Huang and Yu-Shen Lin
9.1 Introduction 182
9.2 Preparation and Optical Properties of
Polymer-Stabilized Au NCs 184
9.3 Preparation and Optical Properties of
Thiol-Stabilized Au NCs 188
9.4 Preparation and Optical Properties of
Luminescent Au NPs 194
9.5 Applications 199
9.6 Conclusion 205
10. Biodetection Based on Fluorescence Quenching
and Surface-Enhanced Fluorescence Using Noble
Metal Nanoparticles 211
Yang-Wei Lin, Chi-Wei Liu, and Huan-Tsung Chang
10.1 Introduction 212
10.2 Theory 214
10.2.1 Fluorescence Quenching 218
10.2.2 SEF 221
10.2.2.1 Surface plasmons 221
10.2.2.2 Localized enhancements 226
10.3 Analytical Applications 230
10.3.1 Protein Immunoassays 230
10.3.2 DNA Analysis 235
10.3.3 Other Applications 239
10.4 Conclusions and Outlook 242
11. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Based on
Noble Metal Nanoparticles 249
Li-Lin Tay and John E. Hulse
11.1 Introduction 250
11.1.1 Electromagnetic Enhancement Mechanism 251
11.1.2 Consequences of Electromagnetic
Enhancement 253