Friction Based Additive Manufacturing Technologies: Principles for Building in Solid State, Benefits, Limitations, and Applications

173 Pages·2018·10.11 MB·English

by  Sandeep Rathee

Friction Based Additive
Manufacturing
Technologies
Principles for Building in Solid
State, Benefits, Limitations,
and Applications

Friction Based Additive
Manufacturing
Technologies
Principles for Building in Solid
State, Benefits, Limitations,
and Applications
Sandeep Rathee
Manu Srivastava
Sachin Maheshwari
T. K. Kundra
Arshad Noor Siddiquee
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8153-9236-1 (Hardback)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher can-
not assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The
authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in
this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been
obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we
may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.
copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC),
222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that
provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a
photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and
are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Rathee, Sandeep, author.
Title: Friction based additive manufacturing technologies : principles for
building in solid state, benefits, limitations, and applications / Sandeep
Rathee, Manu Srivastava, Sachin Maheshwari, TK Kundra, Arshad Noor Siddiquee.
Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2018. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017057585| ISBN 9780815392361 (hardback : acid-free paper) |
ISBN 9781351190879 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Three-dimensional printing. | Friction stir welding.
Classification: LCC TS171.95 .R38 2018 | DDC 621.9/88--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017057585
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
List of Figures .........................................................................................................ix
List of Tables ........................................................................................................xiii
List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................xv
Preface ..................................................................................................................xvii
Acknowledgments ..............................................................................................xix
Authors .................................................................................................................xxi
1 General Introduction and Need of Friction Based Additive
Manufacturing Techniques ..........................................................................1
Foreword ...........................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................2
1.2 Need for Friction Based Additive Manufacturing Techniques ......4
1.3 Benefits of Friction Based Additive Manufacturing Techniques .......5
1.4 Content Outline .....................................................................................6
References .........................................................................................................8
2 Additive Manufacturing Technologies ....................................................11
2.1 Introduction .........................................................................................11
2.2 Historical Development and Timeline .............................................12
2.3 Working Principles and Additive Manufacturing Process
Chain .....................................................................................................19
2.4 Classification of Additive Manufacturing Techniques ..................20
2.5 Common Additive Manufacturing Processes ................................24
2.6 Advantages and Challenges of Additive Manufacturing
Processes ..............................................................................................24
2.7 Applications of Additive Manufacturing Technologies ................30
2.8 Metal Additive Manufacturing Techniques ....................................33
2.8.1 Limitations of Metal Additive Manufacturing ..................34
2.8.2 Porosity ....................................................................................34
2.8.3 Loss of Alloying Elements ....................................................35
2.8.4 Cracking and Delamination .................................................35
2.9 Conclusion and Future Scope of Additive Manufacturing ..........36
References .......................................................................................................37
3 Friction Based Joining Techniques ...........................................................41
3.1 Introduction .........................................................................................41
3.2 Historical Development of Friction Welding ..................................41
3.3 Friction Welding Techniques.............................................................42
3.4 Variants of Friction Welding Techniques ........................................43
3.5 Hybrid Friction Based Additive Manufacturing Processes ..........44
v
vi Contents
3.5.1 Benefits and Limitations of Friction Based Additive
Techniques ..............................................................................54
3.6 Conclusions ..........................................................................................55
References .......................................................................................................55
4 Friction Joining-Based Additive Manufacturing Techniques .............59
4.1 Introduction .........................................................................................59
4.2 Rotary Friction Welding .....................................................................60
4.2.1 Working Principles of Rotary Friction Welding ................60
4.2.2 Process Parameters Affecting Rotary Friction
Welding ...................................................................................63
4.2.3 Additive Manufacturing with Rotary Friction
Welding ...................................................................................64
4.2.3.1 Applications of Rotary Friction Welding
as an Additive Manufacturing Tool ....................64
4.3 Linear Friction Welding .....................................................................65
4.3.1 Working Principles of Linear Friction Welding ................65
4.3.2 Factors Affecting Linear Friction Welding ........................66
4.3.3 Additive Manufacturing with Linear Friction
Welding ...................................................................................67
4.3.3.1 Applications of Linear Friction Welding as
an Additive Manufacturing Tool .........................68
4.4 Comparison of Rotary Friction Welding and Linear
Friction Welding ..................................................................................69
4.5 Advantages and Limitations of Friction Welding ..........................70
4.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................72
References .......................................................................................................72
5 Friction Deposition-Based Additive Manufacturing
Techniques .....................................................................................................75
5.1 Introduction .........................................................................................75
5.2 Friction Deposition .............................................................................75
5.2.1 General Features and Experimental Results on
Additive Manufacturing Using Friction Deposition ........76
5.2.1.1 Development of Ferrous Metal Deposits
Using Friction Deposition .....................................79
5.2.1.2 Development of Nonferrous Metal Alloy
Builds Using Friction Deposition .........................80
5.2.2 Benefits and Limitations of Friction Deposition ...............82
5.3 Friction Surfacing ................................................................................83
5.3.1 Working Principles of Friction Surfacing ...........................84
5.3.2 Friction Surfacing Process Parameters ...............................85
5.3.3 General Features and Status of Research of Friction
Surfacing–Based Additive Manufacturing Methods .......89
5.3.4 Benefits and Limitations .......................................................93
Contents vii
5.3.5 Applications of Friction Surfacing as Additive
Manufacturing Tool ...............................................................93
5.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................94
References .......................................................................................................94
6 Friction Stir Welding-Based Additive Manufacturing Techniques ...97
6.1 Introduction .........................................................................................97
6.2 Friction Stir Welding ..........................................................................98
6.2.1 Terminology Used in Friction Stir Welding .....................101
6.3 Friction Stir Additive Manufacturing ............................................102
6.3.1 Working Principles of Friction Stir Additive
Manufacturing .....................................................................102
6.3.1.1 Steps Involved in Friction Stir Additive
Manufacturing ......................................................102
6.3.2 Friction Stir Additive Manufacturing Process
Variables ................................................................................104
6.3.3 General Features and Status of Research .........................105
6.3.3.1 Grain Size Variation .............................................105
6.3.4 Defects Associated with Friction Stir Additive
Manufacturing .....................................................................108
6.4 Friction Assisted Seam Welding-Based Additive
Manufacturing Method....................................................................110
6.4.1 Working Principles of Friction-Assisted Seam
Welding .................................................................................111
6.4.2 Status of Research and Recent Developments .................111
6.5 Additive Friction Stir Process ..........................................................114
6.5.1 Working Principles of Additive Friction Stir ...................114
6.5.2 Microstructural Characterization in Components
Developed via Additive Friction Stir ................................114
6.6 Machines Utilized for Friction Stir Additive Manufacturing,
Friction-Assisted Seam Welding, and Additive Friction Stir .....117
6.6.1 Conventional Machine Capable of Performing
Friction Stir Welding ...........................................................118
6.6.2 Customized Friction Stir Welding Machines ..................118
6.6.3 Robots Designed for Friction Stir Welding ......................119
6.7 Concluding Summary ......................................................................119
References .....................................................................................................120
7 Applications and Challenges of Friction Based
Additive Manufacturing Technologies ..................................................125
7.1 Introduction .......................................................................................125
7.2 Applications of Friction Based Additive Manufacturing
Technologies ......................................................................................126
7.3 Challenges of Friction Based Additive Manufacturing
Technologies ......................................................................................132
viii Contents
7.4 Conclusion ..........................................................................................133
References .....................................................................................................133
8 Conclusion....................................................................................................135
8.1 Introduction .......................................................................................135
8.2 Concluding Summary ......................................................................135
8.3 Future Scope ......................................................................................138
Index .....................................................................................................................141
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Challenges faced by AM technology .............................................3
Figure 2.1 Concept of additive manufacturing industrial system .............20
Figure 2.2 Line diagram for data flow in typical AM process. ...................20
Figure 2.3 Flow chart of AM. ...........................................................................21
Figure 2.4 Classification on the basis of bulk materials and data
transfer mechanism ........................................................................21
Figure 2.5 Classification of the basis of working principles. .......................22
Figure 2.6 Classification on the basis of fabrication methodology. ............22
Figure 2.7 (a–f) Various additively manufactured implants .......................32
Figure 2.8 Chronological development of MAM techniques and
challenges associated with them ..................................................33
Figure 2.9 Defects during MAM: (a) keyhole porosity, (b) pores
owing to lack of fusion and gas-induced porosity .....................35
Figure 2.10 Cracks in Rene88DT superalloy fabricated via laser solid
forming: (a) long crack, (b) short crack.........................................36
Figure 4.1 (a) Schematic of RFW variant; welding parameters as well
as forces involved in (b) CDFW, (c) LFW .....................................62
Figure 4.2 LFW process: (a) schematic, (b) four LFW phases ......................66
Figure 4.3 Images of LFW joints for various metals: (a) Ti-6.5Al-
1.5Zr-3.5Mo-0.3Si, (b) carbon steel (medium), (c) AA 2024. .......67
Figure 4.4 (a) Conventional bladed disc, (b) BLISK .......................................69
Figure 4.5 Proportion of materials upon which research has been
reported for: (a) CDFW, (b) IFW, (c) LFW .....................................71
Figure 5.1 Friction-deposited rough and machined surfaces of AISI
304 deposit........................................................................................76
Figure 5.2 Steps in AM of 3D components via FD. .......................................77
Figure 5.3 Optical micrographs of: (a) as-received base metal AISI
304 steel, (b) after FD ......................................................................79
ix