Freshwater Algae: Identification and Use as Bioindicators

285 Pages·2010·13.14 MB·English

by  Dr Edward Bellinger

P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC
fm JWBK440/Bellinger March19,2010 11:43 PrinterName:YettoCome
iii
P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC
fm JWBK440/Bellinger March19,2010 11:43 PrinterName:YettoCome
Freshwater Algae
i
P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC
fm JWBK440/Bellinger March19,2010 11:43 PrinterName:YettoCome
ii
P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC
fm JWBK440/Bellinger March19,2010 11:43 PrinterName:YettoCome
Freshwater Algae
Identification and Use as Bioindicators
Edward G. Bellinger
Environmental Science and Policy, Central European University, Hungary
and
David C. Sigee
Manchester University, UK
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Publication
iii
P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC
fm JWBK440/Bellinger March19,2010 11:43 PrinterName:YettoCome
Thiseditionfirstpublished2010,(cid:1)C 2010byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd
Wiley-BlackwellisanimprintofJohnWiley&Sons,formedbythemergerofWiley’sglobalScientific,TechnicalandMedical
businesswithBlackwellPublishing.
RegisteredOffice:
JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK
OtherEditorialOffices:
9600GarsingtonRoad,Oxford,OX42DQ,UK
111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030-5774,USA
Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyforpermissiontoreusethe
copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell
TherightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeCopyright,Designsand
PatentsAct1988.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorby
anymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,Designsand
PatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbeavailablein
electronicbooks.
Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnamesandproduct
namesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.The
publisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurate
andauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubjectmattercovered.Itissoldontheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnot
engagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofa
competentprofessionalshouldbesought.
LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData
Bellinger,E.G.
Freshwateralgae:identificationanduseasbioindicators/EdwardG.BellingerandDavidC.Sigee.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-05814-5(cloth)
1.Freshwateralgae. 2.Indicators(Biology). 3.Environmentalmonitoring. I.Sigee,D.C. II.Title.
QK570.25.B452010
579.8–dc22
2009052145
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN978-0-470-05814-5
Setin10/12ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India
PrintedinGreatBritainbyAntonyRowe,Ltd.Chippenham,Wilts
Firstimpression2010
iv
P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC
fm JWBK440/Bellinger March19,2010 11:43 PrinterName:YettoCome
Contents
Preface ix
CopyrightAcknowledgements xi
1 IntroductiontoFreshwaterAlgae 1
1.1 Generalintroduction 1
1.1.1 Algae–anoverview 1
1.1.2 Algaeasprimaryproducers 2
1.1.3 Freshwaterenvironments 3
1.1.4 Planktonicandbenthicalgae 3
1.1.5 Sizeandshape 4
1.2 Taxonomicvariation–themajorgroupsofalgae 5
1.2.1 Microscopicalappearance 8
1.2.2 Biochemistryandcellstructure 9
1.2.3 Molecularcharacterizationandidentification 9
1.3 Blue-greenalgae 12
1.3.1 Cytology 12
1.3.2 Morphologicalandtaxonomicdiversity 13
1.3.3 Ecology 15
1.3.4 Blue-greenalgaeasbio-indicators 17
1.4 Greenalgae 17
1.4.1 Cytology 17
1.4.2 Morphologicaldiversity 17
1.4.3 Ecology 18
1.4.4 Greenalgaeasbioindicators 21
1.5 Euglenoids 21
1.5.1 Cytology 22
1.5.2 Morphologicaldiversity 22
1.5.3 Ecology 23
1.5.4 Euglenoidsasbioindicators 23
1.6 Yellow-greenalgae 23
1.6.1 Cytology 23
1.6.2 Morphologicaldiversity 24
1.6.3 Ecology 24
1.6.4 Yellow-greenalgaeasbioindicators 24
v
P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC
fm JWBK440/Bellinger March19,2010 11:43 PrinterName:YettoCome
vi CONTENTS
1.7 Dinoflagellates 25
1.7.1 Cytology 25
1.7.2 Morphologicaldiversity 26
1.7.3 Ecology 27
1.8 Cryptomonads 28
1.8.1 Cytology 28
1.8.2 Comparisonwitheuglenoidalgae 29
1.8.3 Biodiversity 29
1.8.4 Ecology 30
1.8.5 Cryptomonadsasbioindicators 30
1.9 Chrysophytes 31
1.9.1 Cytology 31
1.9.2 Morphologicaldiversity 31
1.9.3 Ecology 32
1.9.4 Chrysophytesasbioindicators 32
1.10 Diatoms 33
1.10.1 Cytology 33
1.10.2 Morphologicaldiversity 35
1.10.3 Ecology 38
1.10.4 Diatomsasbioindicators 39
1.11 Redalgae 40
1.12 Brownalgae 40
2 Sampling,BiomassEstimationandCountsofFreshwaterAlgae 41
A. PLANKTONICALGAE 41
2.1 Protocolforcollection 41
2.1.1 Standingwaterphytoplankton 42
2.1.2 Riverphytoplankton 46
2.2 Modeofcollection 46
2.2.1 Phytoplanktontrawlnet 46
2.2.2 Volumesamplers 48
2.2.3 Integratedsampling 49
2.2.4 Sedimenttraps 50
2.3 Phytoplanktonbiomass 51
2.3.1 Turbidity 51
2.3.2 Dryweightandash-freedryweight 53
2.3.3 Pigmentconcentrations 53
2.4 Flowcytometry:automatedanalysisofphytoplanktonpopulations 60
2.5 Microscopecountsofspeciespopulations 61
2.5.1 Samplepreservationandprocessing 61
2.5.2 Speciescounts 63
2.5.3 Conversionofspeciescountstobiovolumes 70
2.5.4 Chemicalcleaningofdiatoms 75
2.6 Diversitywithinsingle-speciespopulations 76
2.6.1 Molecularanalysis 76
2.6.2 Analyticalmicroscopicaltechniques 77
P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC
fm JWBK440/Bellinger March19,2010 11:43 PrinterName:YettoCome
CONTENTS vii
B. NON-PLANKTONICALGAE 82
2.7 Deepwaterbenthicalgae 82
2.7.1 Benthic–pelagiccoupling 83
2.7.2 Benthicalgaeandsedimentstability 84
2.7.3 Invertebrategrazingofbenthicalgae 84
2.8 Shallowwatercommunities 84
2.8.1 Substrate 84
2.8.2 Algalcommunities 87
2.9 Algalbiofilms 89
2.9.1 Mucilaginousbiofilms 89
2.9.2 Biomass 89
2.9.3 Taxonomiccomposition 91
2.9.4 Matrixstructure 93
2.10 Periphyton–algalmats 93
2.10.1 Inorganicsubstratum 93
2.10.2 Plantsurfaces 95
3 AlgaeasBioindicators 99
3.1 Bioindicatorsandwaterquality 99
3.1.1 Biomarkersandbioindicators 99
3.1.2 Characteristicsofbioindicators 100
3.1.3 Biologicalmonitoringversuschemicalmeasurements 101
3.1.4 Monitoringwaterquality:objectives 102
3.2 Lakes 105
3.2.1 Contemporaryplanktonicandattachedalgaeasbioindicators 105
3.2.2 Fossilalgaeasbioindicators:lakesedimentanalysis 106
3.2.3 Waterqualityparameters:inorganicandorganicnutrients,acidityandheavymetals 110
3.3 Wetlands 119
3.4 Rivers 121
3.4.1 Theperiphytoncommunity 121
3.4.2 Riverdiatoms 121
3.4.3 Evaluationofthediatomcommunity 122
3.4.4 Humanimpactsanddiatomindices 123
3.4.5 Calculationofdiatomindices 126
3.4.6 Practicalapplicationsofdiatomindices 128
3.5 Estuaries 133
3.5.1 Ecosystemcomplexity 133
3.5.2 Algaeasestuarinebioindicators 134
4 AKeytotheMoreFrequentlyOccurringFreshwaterAlgae 137
4.1 Introductiontothekey 137
4.1.1 Usingthekey 137
4.1.2 Morphologicalgroupings 138
4.2 Keytothemaingeneraandspecies 138
P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC
fm JWBK440/Bellinger March19,2010 11:43 PrinterName:YettoCome
viii CONTENTS
4.3 Listofalgaeincludedandtheiroccurrenceinthekey 241
4.4 Algalidentification:bibliography 243
Glossary 245
References 255
Index 265