Framework for information management: in the context of the Convention on Biological Diversity

100 Pages·1996·5.4 MB·English

by  UNEP, WCMC

a Management Project
FRAMEWORK FOR INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
in the Context of the
Convention on Biological Diversity
United Nations Environment Programme
in association with the
World Conservation Monitoring Centre
WORLD CONSERVATION
MONITORING CENTRE

UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme is a secretariat within the United Nations
which has been charged with the responsibility of working with governments to promote
environmentally sound forms of development, and to co-ordinate global action for development
without destruction of the environment.
The World Conservation Monitoring Centre, based in Cambridge, UK, is a joint venture
between three partners in the World Conservation Strategy and its successor Caring for the Earth:
IUCN - The World Conservation Union, UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme, and
WWE - World Wide Fund for Nature. The Centre provides information services on the
conservation and sustainable use of species and ecosystems and supports others in the
development of their own information systems.
Copyright © 1996 United Nations Environment Programme
For additional copies of this document
or further information please contact:
Task Manager
Biodiversity Data Management (BDM) Project
United Nations Environment Programme
PO Box 30552
Nairobi
KENYA
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2010 with funding from
UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge
http://www.archive.org/details/frameworkforinfo96unep
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 20.......ccccceecceeceeeeeeeeceecessnnennnnccnsusecescesceeseeneeseerceseeecesesecansesecscauaceecenecececaaaneaeas i
PREFACE ...............ccccsceccececeesescecsssessssncccccaceucnnccsceeeeeeeeeceesssenenensnaaaaeaaaacausauceusaaeeaseasaescersreseeseeeeeeenenes ili
41 INFORMATION FOR DECISION SUPPORT ..........::sccssssssssessnnenscceneccncaeaeeenaeaseceenseeeseresseeeeseeeeeeenens 1
TERI ON SACID NOLONCONI N] ce tesense 405 cadsonedagosdadauecotad aaiacodden dose seed saribad sdeucaoscacodosseadaconucesoosdts 2
1 QVINFORNUIAMIONENEE DS eeccceec sees caacuaccsete cece ncsaten te emcineceisecins ote teeese selina reese ciecisara(iela 3
1-3oTHE) POWER OF INFORMATION @2.<.-.-seconcccc-cccnceececesescccscrcnstcscentcenssiese nsreeinccsies eres e 4
LPAVINE ORATION AS A DOOL cc ccnc eccesscreees ce ceases sscenecbicb erence -earseesareieclfiscins tneleiscinanilesinn 5
2 INFORMATION SYSTEMS - THE FRAMEWORK ...........:::ssssessessesteesenseeeeeeeneneenenenseeceeecenceeeeeeeeeeess 7
OU ON ABEDIXU COIN) LO IN), cae ecgcconecrsasocsececdon sdocouendesecodaadecanoendanacdces dccroacacdudqadcgeqaeeOncCsaKcodKd d 8
VOY DI SI OIN [COCIIEN DI RS 5 ae ee HES 6: Sp ant dnouosonbacedoseedaoseregreocdeSobdcbsdeaandgencdaRoatqsnRceBcSoBqpoeNe 9
DIMA ON ein iGhi jon ccnecnbaoonocodoodcoespc cennHandboaddere edraaeaddoooddueecd alcee 25ro6 scosd Ceobnbaen SbuaEeUG EC 9
2.2.2 Custodianship ............-202sseccsecoeceeescesecescecccecceecscssesscscceeesecsesersenrseecescntcesess 9
DPO VEN NGOS ELIT nnaadé nedkecoaedeoncdsoanoSandasenanndeonscEssousct csoJnadzebcdaaeneoasscdieadaese—co0G0c00 C 10
213) NETWORK CO-ORDINATION secescenec eee ce re cack Se olaas eieste botnet nies Sele epe le nie=s =\0= icle/nnia=(n-)s<[aciaer= 10
DBSA N COMGINIIG Woo dackidesnonbeaaaocosdoadneb nn coonpsocbuaossnendDUadusncaebcsoReaeebadBcsomaonoenULctaoaesaddd o 10
DEVO) ADEA) 3h,C al8s1s } leet aqdaoneceeeese sabdesoddboeudedcedspdendocadsacensuousbduqsuoabposskeopcceoHodoebo c 11
2.3.3 Legal Considerations ...........net.te e.cte .ee.s ee0e e.eeece ss0enece eeec eeeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeecenecoe s 12
PAORGANISATIONAT STRUGIURE te -2-c cote tate c oem esecacanceasoceaescieestee r+ssic taacinneseseincrioene ci 13
DLW ONaSth O s /pansanceecc eaooboncdaodadbanedousnuececcosastnddspsddoooooe aunbea uasonuaaanubsoeRscosUuDenO C 13
DEAD eInformationyblOwssscacessaese sesso sate ace eeeeerettomoe ae seats atle leeta tters les /=iselcolscioiain= 14
DDS 1720 (OPI EY CSU TIN Gyp ace nenconconeonobanp nace sscooccacoudadodacdossJ65d000cr coronegncadeLGedsocereagucEbaqoncG 15
DIST ON Grats CM sade se abocdacsoneecéeusespednce cticonuddseosdaceaneSeaneeNsaccbodononuccosucousasasnaseseon009 15
DS DPK ey, Steps) -.cec-- 0. cece sec scanner seen seasneractmeses sacaetsecosccecees ssc scaeseesearasiineeccientienes 15
3 INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT ..........s:sccccssssccseceesssnnceccccnsssnsnceeeecusucssnesansnsenseeesenne 19
VTA IN FINXO) DIOLCN 0 COIN Renee ceanonocodebobesenoddoocacabd0eo cadectacsesdoctccoecdiaoce yoadpcesqvebaeacdee TepEoceococG 20
By) 8)I NOSS() GYN IL (CONUS.G U e sccucducosdecccosnsannéqoHdesesasucensbucbosdstannedoodorocéscaceooqsnocedec05—090 21
3.3 USER NEEDS ASSESSMENT <2 oce.cetece cess coe cross = ceancnmnso ans acnnaneceeadncensees-necccc"eass=e- s e 21
ByiSya il( OVa dCle pagans seneanconnarooonaaderbecsouboeouecadaacaerasco9n7couoncosousseeDdoDadeagoucdedeacneododaC 21
Bias) (rbE N SiSa } panera cenenoccocrooaeee¢c/s24c eigca5se0do6q0u80B090b06oe c25c07O —nGo ase oN2soc400o0 .S5b20 9500 00 23
BRE VSHD EL CUIN(o0l3 Gagsrepreennarconesoeeccuc -aeqocoqsebesceseneononbsnlonsccoceaG Cg uueo 00. 0DceCHoReeenesqoc 24
3'3:4)Processing Needs) s..sccssees-nesssee cee ace een one= ace ceee nse elinme e = eis eniislelslecisnaplnaeo-- = e\nr\em e 24
BBV Tiere)( 3c aval IM1 069 a cococsocauuseeccoocceosdesneccoacaceoosocoooaDaqcsebeodonocdunsnuedsesEsqocqs0s00 26
3.4 APPROACH 1: STRUCTURED DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE..............0.0::eeseeeeeeeeeesn s 28
BhA NST L( ON niflehw/ancnaeenoe anda sooncbe snabosnocacoanedao9dg2u=0o0c scoenaen cneDrdenoatanoangcdeasgssqqeepn00c00 0 28
3.4.2 System Design ..........000:2.-csssececcseccesccnssconsensecscecerccerecercesestssscceccesccsseasers 28
3:4:3yDevelopmentesescessster nessa es setae setae eae cae oe tote ade tae eects tes slo rseiaea ia sien sm 29
3.4.4 Implementation.............-2..-.---cec020-eceeerecccerennseeccaseseWeriesedecsecrercnseerceseecererns 30
BANS] Operationyes asses spe se sess see oeies ses ass a eee Be eet eee liens mrone 30
315 APPROAGH 2 PROMO MYVPING peese essere eee see ee issen sees ece eee ete seem eera ter cis iecinoi= 31
2)S)j l( OMYUSInAle\ acco ocandoandensecsooiacbospocvasoonssocucadasobeBeedeccasoJ-opaBceegosRcbacQéacnToSnEGaCgOsGS 31
3:5)2 The sLbrow-away, WPLOtotpye es: ssoseccncecceceseenctesscoansercaoeceseeasccaceccecttermnatanee s 32
3)-5:3) The Evolutionary, Prototype ves--or- se scecete etree acene sete cseece ceo see cain eeseec suse ase sseseee 32
3:54 Summaryiof Methodolopiesta:--c<ss-aseen-6 one ace sececiaceeeeececictigeestbcissiesiaeceset snaasseoree s 32
BY GiE XCAMIPIOES esac a cise eee coe ele Goes SRO TASES SGP ATER STE EOE ie Bia ISaOM PRE NG csil os eee meena 33
A DATABASE DEVELORMEND D vicccccd-cavsanccccsecessseccsscsteccesececcssssassveccssxeceretserecsssvesessstcsoreesrs’ coosseeeesu r 35
A5MINTRODUGEION eee eae aaa oe ee oe a LE SCR Te Cantatas ete ee toe 36
4 \PRIMAR YoODATA s esscteed cases fede code fue ee Ne ee oe eee oe aoe ae oo See eee 36
GIVEN IBAYGD y SH BUND DYNO DS Seen an ee eee Oe Pee ern n ae BenoAaonemecUeooconad bond: oop eaner sou ddaebesetoansc 37
ATA DATABASE DEVELBOPRMENM sscececes ones coer e ace enone eee ee eee ee eee eee eee tee eee 37
ASS WOGICAT DESIGN |c eacsccbe cc ccnen ania aa Saosin ete aioe tas Soiscm eee ees scan ctteelsee heceeeeee 38
A.GiEQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT (:cosccseceonceeeecdscslf sereiar esirnoae s tcishseiiseetersisiecisieccy icseseereeie et 40
AGU OVERVICW er meee cect aCe esa ae eee aaa aie lala olat ee oa eha e Sasi close oe aoa ect eee 40
416.2 The Selection: Process ss. sccc scott aes eae aes sees Selecta ce See ececsaacdecarebeesbantsaeedleen te 40
ANG SHSOLEW ALE ooo e seen ee oe aioec etoe cictoioiawrs titoe e sciee eletatec ietde"sicie oreletinae metei ce istics aa'ais ose pata eatss eem 40
AS GrANEVATO Wale tee ecco erence cote eine eee ena cae ete oleae eRe Renee ene AA aaa ea eee 41
ASMP ERY SIGATAD ESIGN tose cn ocd tare ienies Salisas ts tiaae teccice tos on eee Sonoee Reece an an eer ns Geen eaceaenee 42
APS IMPIEEMENTADIONBSS UES soc. cccccccccccce doco woe cellar eee eae oe erate ets cioktnc is nsaicleisetsleetseeeeeee 43
GUOGIU DEE Ehr1 in7 G aoaqoodasa nodcenddedsoc ncsc abapaccaoadeéesecsods sdodasnadanasdnasauacdssanusbansonssEuac cc 43
41822 SynonymsranGyEquivalent sRELms eect. dase acceenae se seeaseereseeemecnercec rcaser eeas eeraet e 44
QiSe 3 Hierarchical Data c. nace eee soscere cee cece cece ore een eee ocean ee cme eran cen cee ee a estins oe <encl meee 44
BIQUALTTIVAMANAGEMEN | percercscenccracesencesssnctecceccccsveseccsstcavccseseccsteretssczaesetinewessancereoscecscceescnesseertnes 47
SAISIN TROD UCTION coc conc cccen cae conicece seeds sce cece eee ee eee eRe aOR re Anau san tinse e sdnaciaclaecae meee 48
SD INSTRU DIONAT OWA Yaoncnsccecccateccsece eee eee astern ee ees cess aon etc aa sen sacnacen nese seca 48
SUD ATASE TsD OGUIMENTAMION sess cea sccssconee nese aceeeee ceeee eee eee ease cnececcceesester ss seme 50
SS IMOVERVIEWs sasceecccaneieces ns snlecds ucese caaoec Secate ceue nci ane onda os iclasatesins eaes msce eni t 50
SSe D iMe tadatal. .-c-cccsacan askcaten cen actaceassoe neue us saver ieemae heme inci eene oe seine sess er ecee ene eeeee 50
52353: SpatialeData Quality pees ccc -s ste neae eras seecisnsteeescesaecaseaee casla -nccess esacsscs caenaeeeeeai ae 50
SEHOPERATIONAIAND »DAIVASSE CURT Yiseeces-cecccerere eerna ceceha esnce eeerki teeetn ecc lieeescee me at 51
SVAISINOVENVICW) ceteie screen Gass aeit ow see Oeics slate ee sees eined ace cleoe SES ER See Nene Se Saat sees eats emee 51
5.4.2 Implementing Operating Procedures...............2.0.2.cscasmeesneecsseasceaetsnecscecensoscsees 51
SS HUMANIRESOURCEVISSUES ecco. cscs atee crene ss coteeee nace etseeetite seas eloasives Gee mcecseeeacie chess amnaae 52
SSAIOVERVIEW Ssaccsecneee saSaccu ese same nse mc cebedmed gemcea ee seleshfesieu nes retem ass beh eeenisciclacislsatera se teeta 52
DP5-2) echnical SuppOltgecsace se soe estate ecese se ec ee aeons seencaaaterereatseer neceeanaea nnsee ssreee 53
S'5¢3) Informationi ProductiO N ias.stss.c aves laseainssoeeesee sso eee eee tees eeteenae eevee ee epee 53
55-4 -strategys Development -maccases-oo tecc eea sase eee eaeea toee eacets seemaa scina a-teeitaee se en 54
5):5:5) Professional’ and) Vocational’StandardS)\2-s7.sen-scsncemesencceberc ecess eikee-e >a=-e cceeemneeee e 54
SOIEAMPIER coos coo enea so cce eck somata cie eee eee ee eee a nee ck Saitd ias Uses oaeee 54
GINEORMATION/ PRODUCTION crcrecsccersncentert rsevecscees tneressa ceretrercseeeresaemrreeestcscesecreecssscetcccessteene e 55
Gal INTRODUCTION ets tees coe enen cosee casera ne eee eee Sector Seine cae: olesi ne Sao Sema 56
6:2. INFORMATION PRODUGMS iano... s<cccebesccocneyeccn cet cne Meee oaeae ees ee eens Sieh sek estsee siorepeeeentds 56
GDL OVERVIEW eee a ilacir done case TES Se a Nee SATE eae eee aE OO RIE ot Rea io wc ee Sicae ee temo ee ete 56
6:22) Product Gontentss.aseeeeeescceees sce sesso sons oed Sev eens See Ree ee wa ema Mie winee tieel ice ele aeiee 57
63 DATASINTEGRATION ete iecaske cece nse coccaeee ee eee oe eae oe Enea Pe ae ea enes Meenas enercneae 58
6.3.2 Data Format and Media ..........e.ens. cn.eee.ese0neecenceeeeeeeceeeceeereseeesceeseesnseecereetee s 59
6:33 Data ype siceva.eteveoe sceenes seeeoe ecrne asirjenaeeadines sietnt menesnocanssrccnernasdaettsessainel se 59
6.3.4 ExaMples....2.-..s0--cesccsssecccecceesesctestetcosseeccerscaescsnsscetenececceecrcesccessecceseeraees 61
64 DATA ANAIOYSIS 2: spose ce eee coer eaeee oot cis acts alge leet sleepless nae daarsiealaie css iniaslois = 62
(xb WAO M EIRTE Tacocoonbedecsboossedseorudsdsancnss¢cacaouradancsecdedobdesabosnS oon0dee usabnadddqan0o4aSeande c 62
6.4.2 Levels of Analysis ..........2..-sececceneeceeeeeeceeeeceneeeeenessaeeeceueeeecoeeccecesseeesoesssoees 62
6.4.3 Packages ......ccccoeeccceseceecccnseseceneeeesererrcseesercsaasererdadenrreccrcsetecccssrssccceesssses 62
6.4.4 Custom Program Design .............ccess:eeecceecceececeeeeseeeeeeeererceeeseteceesscesesereee s 63
6.5 PUBLISHING INFORMATION ...........e.ee t.ete2eee0te2aeeceaeececeeccseneeeececeerecrereerecceerereseg s 64
(FUSION einsO S acansnonodusactiaecobehonubonpniedadeshecuedoqsceoocbnacLoeegp oaccoe uaScSbeaasdsaedcaqqaaocnnc 64
6.5.2 Traditional Publications ..............0cececececeeceececeseteceeeeeeeceseescesseeeseceeeeeeeeeeerees 64
6.5.3 Electronic Publications ...........0...csseceeeececececececscecccceeseccecerecesecerererscseseeeecens 65
7 SUPPORTING MATERIALG..........:::ssscccesessescceesesssnceececsseneneascersnsncausesansnssaeeeeesnsnaaaeceeseassonacacceensans 69
FET RIBEFERENGES ecco cere eee eee sae oe eee cnna e natee ee eereieis a seaie a ctsleetge cies cisl - iine lstelatscis\s enna = 70
FA CLOSES Cis opps ns snasdose cd ondoseosocdoo0 bb sodcaccsasons band cous Scasoaderagaaqtodesdoysonodoopsereyonesiancac 74
7.2.1 Biodiversity Terms .............2..ssecccseeceeeceeeceeeceeeeeteaeeeseeeeeseteecneecarsceceseseaeseres 74
7.2.2 Information Management Terms .............-+20e1eeee eseeeree eetcee reerececeeeeeseereeeesee eer es 82
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Management loop for conservation and sustainable uSe.................22.52s00eneeeseee eetee es6
Figure 2: Multi-agency information system or ‘network? ..............:..ee:ees eseees eeneseese neesee eee s 11
Figure 3: @perationtof theshuby... e.22 25 ese. hak ena ceseenes cones eecinaetee oes eae a= aaeinses dno aeentesere 13
Figure 4: Framework for information system development.................-.t:esne:tse eeeeec eeeee eeeee es 16
Figure 5: Relative cost of change during information system development................--....4..4205- 22
Figure 6: Structured, Development Life Cycle 2.22322. so.0<- sec css gence rene nase oyn ese? eae src eee se c9= 29
Figure 7: The whrow-away Prototype a. coco. ee ascose sa cioneis se cross os cole lee eerenet oe leae lla volee ite sess sio= =~ 31
Figure 8: MhevEvolutionary Prototype .-ees-5-c-esoece nome seeecl es seer caa no ereeee pleriineriegriissdee +s sncT 32
Figure 9: Prototyping in design phase..................:ssccecssessecneeceeeneecsereseeseseesssecesecsersensens 33
Figure 10: Database devel OpMentesrecaseeceecces ssc estsacces- pe eeeesee steerer eeeectn- ese z2--ec senescence 38
Figure 11: TBHR uan @yalell Gcocoasceonacnnsnbncaend sosceuencbecc sdoosee cnes baeesuCduudarneznadaceuseoonacacaodesners-c c 39
Figure 12: E-R diagram showing the relationships between tables in BG-BASE................--...-- 45
Figure 13: Quality improvement loop .......<<2.....2.c02+.cscesnsssescse nnneecesaeaeerescereeseecnscseeeneasss 49
Figure 14: Information production pyramid (adapted from Hammond et al 1995).............2--.2++- 56
Figure 15: Elements of biodiversity information.....................2.secesssseesessceeeecereceeereee peo 57
Figure 16: Example state and pressure indicators...................scesesececeeeseeceeceseessesceceeseeenes Si
Figure 17: Example of a sustainability target .................2.:.ceescessecseceseneceeceeeectnrereeseoeesesees 58
Figure 18: Example ofa ‘danger’ threshold)... ...........4ccc.cseccesccsersteceecseecnecneneenceseccneerceres 59
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This document is one of a series researched and compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring
Centre, Cambridge UK with 80% funding from the Global Environment Facility through the
United Nations Environment Programme, Project GF/0301-94-40 (GF/0301-94-06). The
remaining 20% funding was provided by WCMC. The need for the development of a package of
tools and materials to support national information management for the CBD was identified
jointly by UNEP and WCMC.
The first edition of this document Guidelines for Information Management (March 1995) was
prepared under the editorship of Ian Crain. This revised edition was prepared by Jake Reynolds
and John Busby.
The editors wish to thank Allen Hammond for advising on many of the concepts in this
document, Feargal Duff for managing and contributing to the document revision process, the
Advisory Panel of the Biodiversity Data Management Project for their support and suggestions,
and the staff and consultants of WCMC for their valuable contributions.
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