Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics: Volume 2 Microstructure, Materials, and Applications

484 Pages·1974·14.958 MB·English

by  R. W. Davidge (auth.), R. C. Bradt, D. P. H. Hasselman, F. F. Lange (eds.)

Fracture Mechanics
ofCeramics
Volume 2
Microstructure, Materials, and Applications
Volume 1 • Concepts, Flaws, and Fractography
Volume 2. Microstructure, Materials, and Applications
Fracture Mechanics
ofCeramics
Volume2
Microstructure, Materials, and Applications
Edited by H.C. Bradt
Department 0/ Materials Science
Ceramics Science Section
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pennsylvania
D. P. H. Hasseiman
Ceramics Research Laboratory
Materials Research Center
Lehigh University
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
and F. F. Lange
Research and Development Center
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
Piusburgh, Pennsrlvania
PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK-LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in PubIication Data
Symposium on the Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics,
Pennsylvania State University, 1973.
Fracture mechanics of ceramics.
Includes bibliographical references.
CONTENTS: v.l. Concepts, ßaws, andfractography. -v. 2. Microstructure,
materials, and applications.
1. Ceramics-Fraclure-Congresses. I. Bradt, Richard Carl, 1938· ed. ß.
Hasselman, D. P. H., 1931. ed. Iß. Lange, F. F., 1939- IV. Pennsylvania
State University. V. Tide.
TA430.S97 1973 620.1'4 73·20399
Second half of the proceedings oE a symposium on the
Fracture Mechanics oE Ceramics., held al Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, Pennsylvania, July 11.13, 1973
ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-7016-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-7014-1
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-7014-1
© 1974 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1974
A Division oE Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London
A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd.
Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, London, NWIO 6SE, England
All rights reserved
No part oE this publication may be reproduced in any form without
written permission from the publisher
PREFACE
These volumes constitute the Proceedings of a Symposium ort
the Fracture Mechanics of Cerarnics, held at the Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, Pennsylvania, July 11, 12, and 13,
1973.
The theme of the symposium focussed on the mechanical behavior
of brittle cerarnics in terms of the characteristics of cracks. The
52 contributed papers by 87 authors, present an overview of the cur
rent understanding of the theory and application of fracture mechan
ics to brittle cerarnics.
The prograrn chairmen gratefully acknowledge the financial
assistance for the Symposium provided by the Office of Naval Re
search, the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences of the Pennsyl
vania State University, the Materials Research Center of Lehigh
University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvana and Westinghouse Research
Laboratories, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Special appreciation is extended to the expert organization
provided by the J. Orvis Keller Conference Center of the Pennsyl
vania State Conference Center of the Pennsylvania State University.
In particular, Mrs. Patricia Ewing should be acknowledged for the
excellent prograrn organization and planning. Dean Harold J. O'Brien,
who was featured as the after-dinner speaker and who presented a most
stimulating talk on the cornrnunication between people, also contrib
uted to the success of the meeting.
Finally, we also wish to thank our joint secretaries for the
patience and help in bringing these Proceedings to press.
University Park R. C. Bradt
Bethlehem D. P. H. Hasseiman
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania F. F. Lange
July, 1973
v
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents of Volume 1 xi
IV. MICROSTRUCTURAL EFFECTS
Effects of Microstructure on the Mechanical
Properties of Ceramies . . . . . 447
R. W. Davidge
Fracture Mechanics of Concrete . . . . 469
D. J. Naus, G. B. Batson, J. L. Lott
Fracture of Directionally Solidified
CaO·Zr02-Zr02 Eutectic 483
C. O. Hulse and J. A. Batt
Fracture Energy and Thermal Shock Resistance
of Mica Glass-Cerarnics . . . . . • 495
K. Chyung
Fracture of Polycrystalline Graphite 509
C. A. Andersson and E. I. Salkovitz
Fracture of WUstite and WUstite-Fe304-5v/o Fe
Versus Grain Size . . . . . . . . . 527
M. I. Mendelson and M. E. Fine
Microstructural Development and Fracture Toughness
of a Calcia Partially Stabilized Zirconia 541
D. J. Green, P. S. Nicholson, and J. D. Embury
Determination of KIc-Factors with Diarnond-Saw-Cuts
in Ceramic Materials ........ . 555
R. F. Pabst
Microstructural Considerations for the Application
of Fracture Mechanics Techniques ••• . 567
Leonard A. Simpson
viii CONTENTS TO VOLUME 2
Strength and Microstructure of Dense, Hot-Pressed
Silicon Carbide . • . • • . • • • . . . 579
Svante Prochazka and R. J. Charles
Criteria for Crack Extension and Arrest in Residual,
Loealized Stress Fields Associated with
Seeond Phase Partieles • . . • . • • • . . • • .. 599
F. F. Lange
V. SUBCRITICAL CRACK GROWTH
Subcritical Crack Growth in Ceramies 613
S. M. Wiederhorn
The Propagation of Cracks by Diffusion 647
R. Dutton . • • • • • • . • • •
Slow Craek Growth in Polyerystalline Ceramics 659
S. W. Freiman , K. R. MeKinney, and H. L. Smi th
Precipitation Strengthening in Non-Stoiehiometric
Mg-Al Spinel . • . • . . • • • 677
G. K. Bansal and A. H. Heuer
Fatigue Fracture of an Alurnina Ceramic at
Several Temperatures • . . . • 691
C. P. Chen and W. J. Knapp
Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Polycrystalline MgO 709
W. H. Rhodes, R. M. Cannon, Jr., and T. Vasilos
Effect of Polymerie Coatings on Strength of
Soda-Lime Glass •..•.• 735
J. E. Ritter, Jr.
The Griffith Criterion and the Reversible and
Irreversible Fracture of Brittle
Materials • • • . . . • . 749
D. P. H. Hasseiman, D. A. Krohn, R. C. Bradt,
and J. A. Coppola
VI. ENGINEERING, SCIENTIFIC, AND DESIGN APPLICATIONS
Thermal Shock Resistance of Ceramie
Materials • • • • • . . • 759
Junn Nakayama
CONTENTS TO VOLUME 2 ix
Crack Propagation in a Thermally Stressed
Ceramic Reactor Fuel . . . . 779
G. G. Trantina and J. T. A. Roberts
Determination of Fracture Toughness Parameters
for Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Alloys 791
R. C. Leuth
Fracture Resistance of Metal-Infiltrated
Porous Ceramics . . . . • . • • 807
R. A. Queeney and R. L. Turner
Fracture and Strain Energy Release in
Prestressed Glass and Glass-Ceramics 817
E. K. Beauchamp
A Fracture Mechanics Study of the Skylab Windows 829
S. M. Wiederhorn, A. G. Evans, and D. E. Roberts
The Applicability of Fracture Mechanics
Technology to Porcelain . • 843
W. G. Clark, Jr. and W. A. Logsdon
Application of Fracture Mechanics to Graphite
Under Complex Stress Conditions 863
G. T. Yahr and R. S. Valachovic
Engineering Design and the Probability of
Fatigue Failure of Ceramic Material 875
B. J. S. Wilkins
Fracture Mechanics of Binary Sodium Silicate
Glasses . . • . . • . • . • . 883
C. R. Kennedy, R. C. Bradt, and G. E. Rindone
Failure Prediction in Brittle Materials Using
Fracture Mechanics and Acoustic Emission 895
A. S. Tetelman and A. G. Evans
Contributors 925
Index . • • . • . • • • • . • . • . . . . . • • • • • . • .• 933
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 1
Contents of Volume 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xi
I. FRACTURE MECHANICS APPLIED TO CERAMICS
Origin and Use of Fracture Mechanics 3
F. F. Lange
Fracture Mechanics Determinations . . . . . • • . . . • . .. 17
A. G. Evans
Determination of Elastic Constants Required for
Application of Fracture Mechanics to
Ceramics ....••.... 49
J. B. Wachtman, Jr.
Conventional Strength Testing of Ceramics 69
C. W. Marschall and A. Rudnick
Statistics of Brittle Fracture 93
Frank A. McClintock
11. FLAW DETECTION AND THEORETICAL ASPECTS
OF FRACTURE MECHANICS
Overview of Nondestructive Inspection Techniques 117
Otto R. Gericke
Origin and Detection of Microflaws in Glass • . • . . . . . . 161
F. M. Ernsberger
Microstructural Aspects of Acoustic Emission
Generation in Ceramics •.• . . . 175
L. J. Graham and G. A. A1ers
Surface Evaluation Using Acoustic Emission 189
J. J. Schuldies
xi
xii CONTENTS TO VOLUME 1
Observation of Crack Propagation in Polycrystalline
Cerarnics and Its Relationship to Acoustic
Emis sions . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 201
M. J. Noone and R. L. Mehan
The Initiation and Propagation of Hertzian Ring
Cracks ....•......... 231
I. Finnie and S. Vaidyanathan
The Interaction between Inclusions and Cracks . . . . . . •. 245
F. Erdogan
Analysis of Cracks in Heterogeneous Solids 269
G. P. Sendeckyj
Crack Morphology in Relatively Brittle Crystals . . . . . .. 283
Robb Thomson and Edwin Fuller
Theory of Dynamic Strength 297
B. Steverding
I I I . FRACTOGRAPHY
Fracture Mirrors in Polycrystalline Cerarnics
and Glass . . . . . . . . . 309
H. P. Kirchner and R. M. Gruver
Fractographic Identification of Strength-Controlling
Flaws and Microstructure . . . . . . . . . 323
Roy W. Rice
Fracture Mechanics, Statistical Analysis and
Fractography of Carbides and Metal
Carbides Composites . . . . . . 347
J. L. Chermant, A. Deschanvres, and A. lost
Inclusion Effects on the Strength of Hot
Pressed Si3N4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
H. R. Baumgartner and D. W. Richerson
Auger Spectroscopy of Fracture Surfaces of Cerarnics 387
H. L. Marcus, J. M. Harris, and F. J. Szalkowski
Scanning Electron Fractographic Study of Aluminum
Oxide Function of Testing Temperature
and Grain Size . . . . . . . . . . 399
Dm Johari and N. M. Parikh