Foundations of Qualitative Research: Interpretive and Critical Approaches PDF
Preview Foundations of Qualitative Research: Interpretive and Critical Approaches
FOUNDATIONS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH FOUNDATIONS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Copyright © 2007 by Sage Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Brief Contents For information: Sage Publications Inc. 2455 Teller Road % Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: order(gsagepub.com List of Definitions xiii Sage Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver's Yard List of Articles of Interest xv 55 City Road London EC 1Y ISP United Kingdom Preface xix Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd. Acknowledgments xxiii B-42, Panchsheel Enclave Post Box 4109 New Delhi 110 017 India 1. World Views, Paradigms, and the Printed in the United States of America Practice of Social Science Research 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 2. History and Context of Paradigm Development 27 Willis, Jerry, 1942- Foundations of qualitative research : interpretive and critical approaches /Jerry W Willis. 3. Foundational Issues: Postpositivist and Critical Perspectives 67 p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 4. History and Foundations of Interpretivist Research 95 ISBN-13: 978-1-4129-2740-6 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-1-4129-2741-3 (pbk.) 5- Frameworks for Qualitative Research 147 1. Social sciences—Research. I. Title. 6. General Guidelines for Qualitative Research 185 H62.W537 2007 001.4'2—dc22 7. Methods of Qualitative Research 229 2006027192 8. Approaches to Data Analysis and Interpretation 287 This book is printed on acid-free paper. 9. 21st-century Social Science Research: Peering Into the Future 321 07 08 09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Index 353 Acquisitions Editor. Lisa Cuevas Shaw Editorial Assistant: Karen Greene Production Editor: Catherine M. Chilton About the Author 367 Copy Editor: Carol Anne Peschke Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreader: William H. Stoddard Indexer: Diggs Indexing Services Cover Designer: Edgar Abarca Marketing Manager: Stephanie Adams Copyright © 2007 by Sage Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Brief Contents For information: Sage Publications Inc. 2455 Teller Road % Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: order(gsagepub.com List of Definitions xiii Sage Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver's Yard List of Articles of Interest xv 55 City Road London EC 1Y ISP United Kingdom Preface xix Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd. Acknowledgments xxiii B-42, Panchsheel Enclave Post Box 4109 New Delhi 110 017 India 1. World Views, Paradigms, and the Printed in the United States of America Practice of Social Science Research 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 2. History and Context of Paradigm Development 27 Willis, Jerry, 1942- Foundations of qualitative research : interpretive and critical approaches /Jerry W Willis. 3. Foundational Issues: Postpositivist and Critical Perspectives 67 p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 4. History and Foundations of Interpretivist Research 95 ISBN-13: 978-1-4129-2740-6 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-1-4129-2741-3 (pbk.) 5- Frameworks for Qualitative Research 147 1. Social sciences—Research. I. Title. 6. General Guidelines for Qualitative Research 185 H62.W537 2007 001.4'2—dc22 7. Methods of Qualitative Research 229 2006027192 8. Approaches to Data Analysis and Interpretation 287 This book is printed on acid-free paper. 9. 21st-century Social Science Research: Peering Into the Future 321 07 08 09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Index 353 Acquisitions Editor. Lisa Cuevas Shaw Editorial Assistant: Karen Greene Production Editor: Catherine M. Chilton About the Author 367 Copy Editor: Carol Anne Peschke Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreader: William H. Stoddard Indexer: Diggs Indexing Services Cover Designer: Edgar Abarca Marketing Manager: Stephanie Adams Detailed Contents List of Definitions xiii List of Articles of Interest xv Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiii 1. World Views, Paradigms, and the Practice of Social Science Research 1 Case 1. Quantitative Research 1 Case 2. Qualitative Research 2 What This Book Is and Is Not About 6 Just What Is a Paradigm? 8 Family Resemblances Within Paradigm Groups 11 Thinking About the Foundations and Practice of Research 13 What Warrants Our Attention? 15 The Traditional Canon 16 Alternative Paradigms 17 New Techniques or New Paradigms? 19 Summary 22 Questions for Reflection 23 2. History and Context of Paradigm Development 27 Three Paradigms 32 Positivism: A Response to Metaphysical and Magical Explanations 32 The Middle Ages (330-1450) 33 The Renaissance (1450-1600): The Beginning of Empiricism 34 The Age of Enlightenment (1600-1800): Empiricism as a Major Source of Knowledge 36 Detailed Contents List of Definitions xiii List of Articles of Interest xv Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiii 1. World Views, Paradigms, and the Practice of Social Science Research 1 Case 1. Quantitative Research 1 Case 2. Qualitative Research 2 What This Book Is and Is Not About 6 Just What Is a Paradigm? 8 Family Resemblances Within Paradigm Groups 11 Thinking About the Foundations and Practice of Research 13 What Warrants Our Attention? 15 The Traditional Canon 16 Alternative Paradigms 17 New Techniques or New Paradigms? 19 Summary 22 Questions for Reflection 23 2. History and Context of Paradigm Development 27 Three Paradigms 32 Positivism: A Response to Metaphysical and Magical Explanations 32 The Middle Ages (330-1450) 33 The Renaissance (1450-1600): The Beginning of Empiricism 34 The Age of Enlightenment (1600-1800): Empiricism as a Major Source of Knowledge 36 Critical Theory: A Response to Inequities in Society 44 Hermeneutics 104 What Did Marxism Respond To? 44 Phenomenology (and Existentialism) 107 The Frankfurt School: The Beginnings Acceptable Methods and Data 109 of Critical Theory 47 Meaning of Data 111 Interpretivism: A Response to the Excesses Relationship of Research to Practice 117 of "Scientific" Social Science 48 Implications of an Interpretivist Approach 122 The Response to Objectivism: Interpretivism 51 What Sorts of Research Are Worthwhile? 131 The Rise of Verstehen and Hermeneutics in Examples of Interpretive Research 132 the Social Sciences 53 Summaiy 139 The Special Cases of Postmodernism and Feminism 54 Questions for Reflection 141 Postmodernism 54 . Frameworks for Qualitative Research 147 Feminist Theory and Research 57 Summary 60 Postpositivist Research 147 Questions for Reflection 61 Moments of Qualitative Research 150 The Traditional Period (Early 1900s-World War II) 151 3. Foundational Issues: Postpositivist and Critical Perspectives 67 The Modernist Phase (1940s-1970s) 152 Social Science Research: The View From Blurred Genres (1970s-1986) 152 the Postpositivist Paradigm 72 Crisis of Representation (Mid-1980s) 153 The Foundations of Postpositivist Research 74 A Triple Crisis (Today) 154 Nature of Reality 74 The Fifth or Postmodern Moment 155 Purpose of Research 75 The Sixth or Postexperimental Acceptable Methods and Data 76 Inquiry Moment (1995-2000) 155 Meaning of Data 77 The Seventh or Methodologically Relationship of Research to Practice 78 Contested Moment (2000-2004) 156 Examples of Postpositivist Research 78 The Eighth Moment: Methodological Social Science Research: The View Backlash (2005-?) 156 From the Critical Theory Paradigm 81 Some General Frameworks for Qualitative Research 158 Nature of Reality 83 Altheide and fohnson 's Analytic Realism 158 Purpose of Research 84 Denzin and Lincoln's Interpretive Perspective 160 Acceptable Methods and Data 86 Eisner's Connoisseurship Model of Inquiry 162 Meaning of Data 86 Coherence 166 Relationship of Research to Practice 87 Consensus 166 Examples of Critical Research 87 Instrumental Utility 167 Summary 91 Insightfulness 167 Questions for Reflection 91 Semiotics 168 The Phenomenological Psychological 4. History and Foundations of Interpretivist Research 95 Model (and Structuralism) 111 Nature of Reality 95 Poststructuralism and Postmodernism 174 Purpose of Research 98 Symbolic Interactionism 176 Verstehen 100 Summary 181 Questions for Reflection 181 Critical Theory: A Response to Inequities in Society 44 Hermeneutics 104 What Did Marxism Respond To? 44 Phenomenology (and Existentialism) 107 The Frankfurt School: The Beginnings Acceptable Methods and Data 109 of Critical Theory 47 Meaning of Data 111 Interpretivism: A Response to the Excesses Relationship of Research to Practice 117 of "Scientific" Social Science 48 Implications of an Interpretivist Approach 122 The Response to Objectivism: Interpretivism 51 What Sorts of Research Are Worthwhile? 131 The Rise of Verstehen and Hermeneutics in Examples of Interpretive Research 132 the Social Sciences 53 Summaiy 139 The Special Cases of Postmodernism and Feminism 54 Questions for Reflection 141 Postmodernism 54 . Frameworks for Qualitative Research 147 Feminist Theory and Research 57 Summary 60 Postpositivist Research 147 Questions for Reflection 61 Moments of Qualitative Research 150 The Traditional Period (Early 1900s-World War II) 151 3. Foundational Issues: Postpositivist and Critical Perspectives 67 The Modernist Phase (1940s-1970s) 152 Social Science Research: The View From Blurred Genres (1970s-1986) 152 the Postpositivist Paradigm 72 Crisis of Representation (Mid-1980s) 153 The Foundations of Postpositivist Research 74 A Triple Crisis (Today) 154 Nature of Reality 74 The Fifth or Postmodern Moment 155 Purpose of Research 75 The Sixth or Postexperimental Acceptable Methods and Data 76 Inquiry Moment (1995-2000) 155 Meaning of Data 77 The Seventh or Methodologically Relationship of Research to Practice 78 Contested Moment (2000-2004) 156 Examples of Postpositivist Research 78 The Eighth Moment: Methodological Social Science Research: The View Backlash (2005-?) 156 From the Critical Theory Paradigm 81 Some General Frameworks for Qualitative Research 158 Nature of Reality 83 Altheide and fohnson 's Analytic Realism 158 Purpose of Research 84 Denzin and Lincoln's Interpretive Perspective 160 Acceptable Methods and Data 86 Eisner's Connoisseurship Model of Inquiry 162 Meaning of Data 86 Coherence 166 Relationship of Research to Practice 87 Consensus 166 Examples of Critical Research 87 Instrumental Utility 167 Summary 91 Insightfulness 167 Questions for Reflection 91 Semiotics 168 The Phenomenological Psychological 4. History and Foundations of Interpretivist Research 95 Model (and Structuralism) 111 Nature of Reality 95 Poststructuralism and Postmodernism 174 Purpose of Research 98 Symbolic Interactionism 176 Verstehen 100 Summary 181 Questions for Reflection 181 6. General Guidelines for Qualitative Research 185 Historical Research and Paradigms 252 Guidelines for Qualitative Research 188 Historiography: The Research Methods of History 259 Situated or Contextual Understanding, Part II. Innovative Methods: Participatory Not Truth, Is the Purpose of Research 188 Qualitative Research 260 Accept Multiple Sources of Influence 191 Cooperative Inquiry 262 Expect Multiple Perspectives and Seek Them 192 Participatory Action Research 264 Take a Foundational Rather Than Technique Perspective 195 Postpositivist Action Research 265 Practice Recursive (Iterative) and Emergent Interpretivist Action Research 267 Data Collection and Analysis 200 Critical-Emancipatory Action Research 269 Use Multiple Sources of Data 203 Ways of Doing Action Research 269 Think of Research as a Reflective Process-. The Researcher Participatory and Conslructivist Instructional Design 271 Is the Primary Tool for Data Collection and Analysis 203 Recursive (Iterative), Nonlinear Design 272 Emphasize Participatory Research 206 Reflection 273 Adopt an Open Approach 209 Emancipatory Research 21A Deal With Bias Directly 210 Critical Emancipatory Action Research 277 Select Natural Contexts for Research 211 Summary 278 Research Should Be Holistic, Not Atomistic 211 Questions for Reflection 279 Research Involves More Than Induction and Deduction: 8. Approaches to Data Analysis and Interpretation 287 Analogical Reasoning, Abduction, and Purpose of Research 288 Family Resemblances 213 General Theory 288 Alternatives to Postpositivist Criteria for local Theory 291 Believability: Validity and Reliability 216 Objective Description 292 Alternative Approaches to Validity and Hermeneutic (Verstehen) Understanding 293 Reliability: Triangulation and More 218 Storytelling and Narrative 295 Alternatives to Triangulation 220 Data Analysis Families 297 Conclusions? Aren't They Generalizations? 222 Eyeballing the Data 298 Summary 224 Connoisseurship: A Global Perspective 300 Questions for Reflection 224 Hermeneutics as a Data Analysis Method 301 7. Methods of Qualitative Research 229 Grounded Theory 306 Case 1: Action Research on a Pediatric Surgical Ward 229 Analytic Induction 310 Part I. Established Qualitative Research Methods 232 The Ethics of Research 311 Summary 316 Ethnography 233 An Ethnographic Case (Herodotus, 5th Century в.CE.) 233 Questions for Reflection 318 General Framework for Ethnographic Research 236 9. 21st-century Social Science Research: Case Studies: Another Form of Qualitative Observation 238 Peering Into the Future 321 General Framework of Case Studies 240 Will the Cacophony Continue? 322 Variations in Case Study Research 242 Why Can't Social Science Converge on the Answer? 323 Interview Research 244 Dialog as an Alternative to Competition 326 Historiography 247 Three Approaches to Knowing in Greek Thought 327 Case 2: Racial Gerrymandering in Cincinnati 247 Accepting Plato, Aristotle, and the Humanities: Case 3: Black Participation in South African Policymaking 249 There Is Absolute Truth 328 6. General Guidelines for Qualitative Research 185 Historical Research and Paradigms 252 Guidelines for Qualitative Research 188 Historiography: The Research Methods of History 259 Situated or Contextual Understanding, Part II. Innovative Methods: Participatory Not Truth, Is the Purpose of Research 188 Qualitative Research 260 Accept Multiple Sources of Influence 191 Cooperative Inquiry 262 Expect Multiple Perspectives and Seek Them 192 Participatory Action Research 264 Take a Foundational Rather Than Technique Perspective 195 Postpositivist Action Research 265 Practice Recursive (Iterative) and Emergent Interpretivist Action Research 267 Data Collection and Analysis 200 Critical-Emancipatory Action Research 269 Use Multiple Sources of Data 203 Ways of Doing Action Research 269 Think of Research as a Reflective Process-. The Researcher Participatory and Conslructivist Instructional Design 271 Is the Primary Tool for Data Collection and Analysis 203 Recursive (Iterative), Nonlinear Design 272 Emphasize Participatory Research 206 Reflection 273 Adopt an Open Approach 209 Emancipatory Research 21A Deal With Bias Directly 210 Critical Emancipatory Action Research 277 Select Natural Contexts for Research 211 Summary 278 Research Should Be Holistic, Not Atomistic 211 Questions for Reflection 279 Research Involves More Than Induction and Deduction: 8. Approaches to Data Analysis and Interpretation 287 Analogical Reasoning, Abduction, and Purpose of Research 288 Family Resemblances 213 General Theory 288 Alternatives to Postpositivist Criteria for local Theory 291 Believability: Validity and Reliability 216 Objective Description 292 Alternative Approaches to Validity and Hermeneutic (Verstehen) Understanding 293 Reliability: Triangulation and More 218 Storytelling and Narrative 295 Alternatives to Triangulation 220 Data Analysis Families 297 Conclusions? Aren't They Generalizations? 222 Eyeballing the Data 298 Summary 224 Connoisseurship: A Global Perspective 300 Questions for Reflection 224 Hermeneutics as a Data Analysis Method 301 7. Methods of Qualitative Research 229 Grounded Theory 306 Case 1: Action Research on a Pediatric Surgical Ward 229 Analytic Induction 310 Part I. Established Qualitative Research Methods 232 The Ethics of Research 311 Summary 316 Ethnography 233 An Ethnographic Case (Herodotus, 5th Century в.CE.) 233 Questions for Reflection 318 General Framework for Ethnographic Research 236 9. 21st-century Social Science Research: Case Studies: Another Form of Qualitative Observation 238 Peering Into the Future 321 General Framework of Case Studies 240 Will the Cacophony Continue? 322 Variations in Case Study Research 242 Why Can't Social Science Converge on the Answer? 323 Interview Research 244 Dialog as an Alternative to Competition 326 Historiography 247 Three Approaches to Knowing in Greek Thought 327 Case 2: Racial Gerrymandering in Cincinnati 247 Accepting Plato, Aristotle, and the Humanities: Case 3: Black Participation in South African Policymaking 249 There Is Absolute Truth 328
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