Foundations of Islam

835 Pages·2016·3.91 MB·English

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T H E D I F F E R E N T
A S P E C T S O F I S L A M I C
C U LT U R E
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H E D I F F E R E N T
A S P E C T S
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O F S L A M I C
C U L T U R E
VOLUME ONE
F O U N D A T I O N S O F I S L A M
Editors: Zafar Ishaq Ansari and Isma(cid:710)il Ibrahim Nawwab
U N E S C O P u b l i s h i n g
Published in 2016 by the United Nations Educational, Scientifi c and Cultural
Organization, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France
© UNESCO 2016
ISBN 978-92-3-104258-4
This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO
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The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are
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Note: dates separated by a slash (e.g. 212/827) are given fi rst according to the Muslim lunar calendar
(AH), and then according to the Christian/common era calendar (CE/AD ).
The preparation and publication of this volume have been funded by the World
Islamic Call Society (WICS).
Cover photo: Stucco (8th to 9th century) Ibn Tulun Mosque, Cairo (Egypt)
Cover design: UNESCO
Layout and printing: Dergham sarl, Beirut – Lebanon
Printed in Beirut – Lebanon
P REFACE
The UNESCO Constitution states that ‘ignorance of each other’s ways and
lives has been a common cause, throughout the history of mankind, of that
suspicion and mistrust between the peoples through which their differences
have all too often broken into war.’
Since its creation 70 years ago, UNESCO’s message has underlined
the importance and value of diversity for all societies and for humanity as a
whole, to build understanding and dialogue, while fighting discrimination and
upholding human rights.
UNESCO’s Histories project is the flagship taking this ambition forward.
The different aspects of Islamic culture makes a seminal contribution to exploring
the richness of Islamic civilization, and its immense contribution to the history
of humanity. In 1976, the UNESCO General Conference of UNESCO
launched this vital work, which has since been carried out with equal passion
and commitment.
The scope of these volumes is broad. They document the theological
foundations of Islam, the status of the individual and society in the Islamic
world, the expansion of Islam and the way in which the rights of converted
peoples were preserved, the fundamental contribution of Islam to education,
science and technology as well as the cultural achievements of Islamic
civilization, through literature, philosophy, art and architecture.
In the middle Ages, the influence of Islamic civilization was felt
throughout the world. From the China Sea to the Atlantic coast of Africa,
people who embraced Islam adopted a set of cultural and spiritual references
while preserving their own identity. Muslim thinkers and scientists, drawing
on the rich heritage of ancient Greece, developed their own worldviews
and influenced the emergence of the European Renaissance. Muslim
philosophers, geographers, physicists, mathematicians, botanists and doctors
made influential contributions to the adventure of science. Averroes taught at
the University of Padua in Italy, and knowledge travelled with no heed across
borders. Islamic culture developed a conception of the individual and the
universe, a philosophy of life and art that has profoundly shaped our common
history.
This creative diversity, anchored within universal spiritual and cultural
references and values, offered fertile ground for the dynamic development of
scientific knowledge, artistic refinement and intellectual exchange that marked
all great Islamic civilizations.
In these volumes, the reader will (re) discover how, over the centuries,
Islam has been a driving force for the Rapprochement of Cultures, and
provided a framework within which diverse cultures have flourished and
interacted. At a time when violent extremists seek to distort the message of
religion, it is critical that we share the knowledge of truth, and share the depth
of wisdom of Islam as a religion of peace, moderation and tolerance.
I wish to thank the eminent scholars from all over the world who have
contributed to this Collection and guaranteed its high scientific standards. It is
my hope that this Collection, of which this is the fifth volume to appear, will
encourage a more informed understanding of Islam, its culture, values and
civilization, as well as promote intercultural dialogue and the rapprochement
of cultures. I am also determined that the in-depth knowledge demonstrated
in these volumes reach a wide audience because it is essential that young
generations take pride and draw lessons from this heritage, in a spirit of
mutual respect and understanding.
Irina Bokova
Director-General of UNESCO
C ONTENTS
List of maps and figures 11
Introduction
Zafar Ishaq Ansari 13
I – The worldview
CHAPTER 1.1
Islam and other religious traditions
Muzammil H. Siddiqi 27
CHAPTER 1.2
The Islamic approach to God
Zulfiqar Ali Shah 55
CHAPTER 1.3
The Islamic view of Man
Mona M. Abul-Fadl 111
CHAPTER 1.4
This world and the Hereafter
Muhammad al-Ghazali 161
CHAPTER 1.5
The Islamic view of the Universe
Seyyed Hossein Nasr 189
C ONTENTS
II – Revelation and Prophethood
CHAPTER 2.1
The Prophet Mu(cid:672)ammad: the Meccan period
Muzaffar Iqbal 217
CHAPTER 2.2
The Prophet Mu(cid:672)ammad: the Medinan period
Imad ud din Khalil 261
CHAPTER 2.3
The Message and its impact
Ahmad Dallal 297
III – Sources
– Section A –
The Qur n: the prime source
(cid:690)(cid:262)
CHAPTER 3.1
The Qur(cid:721)(cid:262)nic text
Mustansir Mir 323
CHAPTER 3.2
The growth and development of Qur(cid:721)(cid:262)nic exegesis
Abdul Khaliq Kazi 351
CHAPTER 3.3
The major themes of the Qur(cid:721)(cid:262)n and its characteristics
Khurram Murad 409
– Section B –
The Sunna
CHAPTER 3.4
The concept of Sunna
Yusuf al-Qaradawi 457
CHAPTER 3.5
The Sunna as the application of the Qur(cid:721)(cid:262)n
Muhammad Abdullah al-Sharqawi 487
C ONTENTS
CHAPTER 3.6
The early history and methodology of (cid:647)ad(cid:271)th
Muhammad Mustafa al-A(cid:710)zami 513
CHAPTER 3.7
The major themes of (cid:647)ad(cid:271)th and its characteristics
Ghassan Abd al-Jabbar 537
– Section C –
The auxiliary sources
CHAPTER 3.8
Ijm(cid:236)(cid:710)
Muhammad Hashim Kamali 583
CHAPTER 3.9
Qiy(cid:236)s
Muhammad Khalid Masud 601
IV – Islamic life
CHAPTER 4.1
The shah(cid:236)da: faith
Marcia Hermansen 627
CHAPTER 4.2
Worship in Islam
Abu-l-Yazid al-(cid:710)Ajami 653
CHAPTER 4.3
Islamic jurisprudence and the schools of religious law
Mustafa Ahmad al-Zarqa 707
CHAPTER 4.4
Islamic ethics
Muhammad Abdul Haq Ansari 745
CHAPTER 4.5
The inner, experiential dimension
Hamid Algar 771
C ONTENTS
Epilogue
Zafar Ishaq Ansari 791
General bibliography 799
Members of the International Scientific Committee and the Secretariat 825
Biographical notes on the authors 827
General index 835