Foundations in microbiology : basic principles

937 Pages·2012·86.699 MB·English

by  Kathleen P Talaro, Barry Chess

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FOUNDATIONS IN MICROBIOLOGY, EIGHTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas,
New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous
editions © 2008, 2005, and 2002. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or
by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or
broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside
the United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 978-0-07-337529-8
MHID 0-07-337529-2
Vice President, Editor-in-Chief: Marty Lange
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Typeface: 10/12 Times New Roman
Printer: R. R. Donnelley
All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Talaro, Kathleen P.
Foundations in microbiology / Kathleen Park Talaro, Barry Chess. — 8th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-07-337529-8 — ISBN 0-07-337529-2 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Microbiology.
2. Medical microbiology. I. Chess, Barry. II. Title.
QR41.2.T35 2012
579–dc22
2010036445
www.mhhe.com
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Brief Contents
1 15
CHAPTER CHAPTER
The Main Themes of Microbiology 1 Adaptive, Specifi c Immunity and Immunization 452
2 16
CHAPTER CHAPTER
The Chemistry of Biology 27 Disorders in Immunity 486
3 17
CHAPTER CHAPTER
Tools of the Laboratory: Methods of Studying Procedures for Identifying Pathogens and Diagnosing
Microorganisms 58 Infections 517
4 18
CHAPTER CHAPTER
A Survey of Prokaryotic Cells and Microorganisms 89 The Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Cocci of Medical
Importance 539
5
CHAPTER
19
A Survey of Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms 123 CHAPTER
The Gram-Positive Bacilli of Medical Importance 569
6
CHAPTER
20
An Introduction to Viruses 158 CHAPTER
The Gram-Negative Bacilli of Medical Importance 599
7
CHAPTER
21
Microbial Nutrition, Ecology, and Growth 185 CHAPTER
Miscellaneous Bacterial Agents of Disease 627
8
CHAPTER
22
An Introduction to Microbial Metabolism: The Chemical CHAPTER
Crossroads of Life 217 The Fungi of Medical Importance 659
9 23
CHAPTER CHAPTER
Microbial Genetics 254 The Parasites of Medical Importance 686
10 24
CHAPTER CHAPTER
Genetic Engineering: A Revolution in Molecular Introduction to Viruses That Infect Humans: The DNA
Biology 291 Viruses 723
11 25
CHAPTER CHAPTER
Physical and Chemical Agents for Microbial Control 319 The RNA Viruses That Infect Humans 747
12 26
CHAPTER CHAPTER
Drugs, Microbes, Host—The Elements of Environmental Microbiology 784
Chemotherapy 351
27
CHAPTER
13
CHAPTER Applied and Industrial Microbiology 807
Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection and Disease 386
14
CHAPTER
An Introduction to Host Defenses and Innate
Immunities 424
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About the Authors
Kathleen Park Talaro
is a microbiologist, educator,
author, and artist. She has been nurturing her love of microbi-
ology since her youth growing up on an Idaho farm where she
was fi rst fascinated by tiny creatures she could just barely see
swimming in a pond. This interest in the microbial world led to
a biology major at Idaho State University, where she worked as
a teaching assistant and scientifi c illustrator for one of her pro-
fessors. This was the beginning of an avocation which she con-
tinues today—that of lending her artistic hand to interpretation
of scientifi c concepts. She continued her education at Arizona
State University, Occidental College, California Institute of Tech-
nology, and California State University.
She has taught microbiology and major’s biology courses at
Pasadena City College for 30 years, during which time she de-
veloped new curricula and refi ned laboratory experiments. She
Kathy Talaro (right) and her daughter, Nicole.
has been an author of, and contributor to, several publications
of the William C. Brown Company and McGraw-Hill Publishers
since the early 1980s, fi rst illustrating and writing for laboratory
manuals and later developing this textbook. She has also served
Dedication
as a coauthor with Kelly Cowan on the fi rst two editions of
Microbiology: A Systems Approach.
We wish to dedicate this book to microbes, those
Kathy continues to make microbiology a signifi cant focus
of her life and is passionate about conveying the signifi cance
ingenious beings that beckon us into another realm
and practical knowledge of the subject to everyone, regardless
of their profession or position. In addition to her writing, she that exists beyond our naked eyes. We marvel at their
keeps current attending conferences and participating in the
American Society for Microbiology and its undergraduate edu- fantastic variety and wild, exotic ways of life. And
cational programs. She is gratifi ed by the many supportive
notes and letters she has received over the years from book even after many lifetimes of study, we still have much
adopters and students.
to learn from the tiny “animalcules” that Leeuwenhoek
She lives in Altadena, California with husband Dave Bedro-
sian, and son David. Whenever she can, she spends time with
fi rst saw over 300 years ago in “such enormous
her daughter Nicole, who lives in Wyoming. In her spare time
she enjoys photography, reading true crime books, music,
numbers that all the water seemed to be alive.”
crossword puzzles, and playing with her seven rescued kitties.
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About the Authors
The addition of two proven educators makes a great learning system even better
Barry Chess Writing a textbook takes an enormous amount of time
has been teach-
and effort. No textbook author has the time to write a great
ing microbiology at Pasadena City
textbook and also write an entire book’s worth of accompa-
College for 14 years. He received
nying digital learning tools—at least not with any amount of
his Bachelor’s and Master’s de-
success or accuracy. In the past, this material has often been
grees from California State Univer-
built after the text publishes, but hopefully in time for classes
sity, Los Angeles, and did several
to start. With the new digital era upon us, it is time to begin
years of post-graduate work at the
thinking of digital tools differently. In classrooms across the
University of California, Irvine,
country, thousands of students who are visual learners and
where his research focused on the
have been using computers,
expression of eukaryotic genes in-
video games, smart phones,
volved in the development of mus-
music players, and a variety of
cle and bone.
other gadgets since they could
At Pasadena City College, Barry developed a new course
talk are begging for an interac-
in human genetics and helped to institute a biotechnology
tive way to learn their course
program. He regularly teaches courses in microbiology,
material. Enter the digital
general biology, and genetics, and works with students com-
author. With this eighth edition,
pleting independent research projects in biology and micro-
we are excited to add professor
biology. Over the past several years, Barry’s interests have

Heidi Smith from Front Range
begun to focus on innovative methods of teaching that lead
Community College to the Talaro/
to greater student understanding. He has written cases for
Chess team. Heidi teaches microbiology and anatomy & physi-
the National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science and
ology and has worked hand-in-hand with the textbook authors,
presented talks at national meetings on the use of case stud-
creating online tools that truly complement and enhance the
ies in the classroom. In 2009, his laboratory manual, Labora-
book’s content. She ensured that all key topics in the book have
tory Applications in Microbiology: A Case Study Approach, was
interactive, engaging activities spanning levels of Bloom’s tax-
published. He is thrilled and feels very fortunate to be
onomy, and tied to Learning Outcomes in the book. Instructors
collaborating with Kathy Talaro, with whom he has worked
can now assign material based on what they cover in class, as-
in the classroom for more than a decade, on this eighth
sess their students on the Learning Outcomes, and run reports
edition. Barry is a member of the American Society for
indicating individual and/or class performance on a variety of
Microbiology and regularly attends meetings in his fields of
data. Because of Heidi, we can now offer you a robust digital
interest, both to keep current of changes in the discipline
learning program, tied to Learning Outcomes, to enhance your
and to exchange teaching and learning strategies with oth-
lecture and lab, whether you run a traditional, hybrid, or fully
ers in the field.
online course.
“I am gratifi ed to introduce Barry Chess, a professor at Pasadena City College, as my coauthor on this new edition. He
promises to bring a fresh eye to this project along with his own expertise in genetics and molecular biology, and a
commitment to crafting a high quality product. Barry has an easy, very reader-friendly writing style that complements my
own. He is astute and knowledgeable, with a rare ability to get to the heart of complex principles yet keep the reader
involved and interested along the way. He often incorporates anecdotes, mnemonic devices, case studies, and analogies for
helping students to learn and understand more diffi cult and abstract concepts.” —Kathleen Park Talaro
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