Foundation Design and Construction

583 Pages·2001·10.518 MB·English

by  M. J. Tomlinson, R. Boorman

This edition is reproduced by permission of Pearson Educational Limited
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This edition is reproduced by permission of Pearson Educational Limited
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Ffomi
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Seventh Edition
M. J. Tomlinson
CEng, FICE, FIStructE
with contributions by
R. Boorman BSc, MEng, MICE,
FlStructE
IIli
An :mpnnt of PearsonEducation
Harlow, England London New York Reading, Massachusetts San Francisco
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First published by Pitman Publishing Limited 1963
Second edition 1969
Third edition 1975
Fourth edition 1980
Fifth edition pubhshed under the Longman imprint 1986
Sixth edition 1995
Seventh edition 2001
© M J Tomlmson and R Boorman 1986, 1995
© Pearson Education Lmuted 2001
The rights of M J Tomhnson and R Boorman to be identified as the
authors of this Work have been asserted by them in accordance with the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electromc, mechamcal, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without
either the pnor written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting
restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright
Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 012
ISBN 0130-31180-4
British Library Cataloguing-rn-Publicatwn Data
A catalogue record for this book can be obtained from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tomlinson, M J (Michael John)
Foundation design and construction / M J Tomlinson , with
contributions by R Boorman —7th ed
p cm
Includes bibliographical references and index
ISBN 0—13—031180—4
1 Foundations I Boorman, R
TA775 T6 2001
624 l'5—dc2l
00—051642
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
05 04 030201
Typeset in 95/1 ipt Times by 35
Printed and bound m Great Britain by
TI International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall
'V
This edition is reproduced by permission of Pearson Educational Limited
Preface to the first edition ix 2.5 Estimation of allowable bearing pressures
Preface to the seventh edition xi by prescriptive methods 55
2.6 Settlement of foundations 58
1 Site investigations and soil mechanics 1 2.7 Settlement of foundations on rocks 81
1 0 General requirements 1 2.8 The applicability of computerized
11 Information required from a site methods to foundation analysis and
design 85
investigation 2
1 2 Site investigations of foundation 2.9 Examples 92
failures 3 References 102
1 3 Borehole layout 4 3 Foundation design in relation to ground
1 4 Exploration in soils 5 movements 105
1 5 Exploration m rocks 16 3.1 Soil movements 105
1 6 Ground water 18 3.2 Ground movements due to water seepage
1 7 Borehole records 20 and surface erosion 115
1 8 Investigations for foundations of works 3 3 Ground movements due to
over water 20 vibrations 117
1 9 Geophysical methods of site 3 4 Ground movements due to hillside
mvestigation 21 creep 117
110 Investigations of filled and contaminated
3 5 Ground movement due to mimng
ground 21 subsidence 118
111 Laboratory tests on soils 22
3 6 Foundations on filled ground 128
1 12 Laboratory tests on rock specimens 3 7 Machinery foundations 132
obtained by rotary core drilling 26 References 136
113 The foundation engineermg report 26
4 Spread and deep shaft foundations 137
114 Foundation properties of soil types 29
115 Foundation properties of rock types 33 4 1 Determination of allowable
References 36 bearing pressures for spread
foundations 137
2 The general prindples of foundation 4.2 Structural design and construction 142
design 38 4.3 Foundations to structural steel
2.1 Foundation types 38 columns 152
2.2 Foundation design procedures 39 44 Grillage foundations 152
23 Calculations for ultimate bearing capacity 45 Raft foundations 153
by analytical methods 45 46 Deep shaft foundations 156
24 Calculation of ultimate bearing capacity 47 Examples 164
by semi-empirical methods 54 References 174
V
This edition is reproduced by permission of Pearson Educational Limited
vi Contents
5 Buoyancy rafts and basements 7 13 Piles in fill—negative skin fnction 304
(boxfoundations) 175 7 14 The carrying capacity of pile
5 1 Generalprinciples of design 175 groups 306
5 2 Drag-down effects on deep 7 15 The design of axially loaded piles
foundations 176 considered as columns 311
53 Buoyancy raft foundations 177 7 16 Piles resisting uplift 312
54 Basement or box foundations 181 7 17 Piles subjected to honzontal or
55 Piledbasements 194 inclined loads 314
56 Settlement-reducing piles rn piled rafts 7 18 The behaviour of piles under
and basements 197 vibrating loads 321
57 The structural design of basement rafts 7 19 Computerized methods for predicting the
and retaining walls 198 load/deformation behaviour of the single
58 The application of computer-based pile and pile groups under axial and
methods to the design of rafts and lateral loading 321
piled rafts 208 7 20 Calculation of carrying capacity and pile
5 9 Waterproofing basements 216 dnveability by dynamic formulae 327
5 10 Worked example of basement 721 Procedure in correlating static methods of
retaining wall 218 calculating pile resistance with driving
References 221 records 332
7.22 Examples 332
6 Bridge foundations 223
References 343
6 1 Introduction 223
62 Code of Practice requirements 223 8 Piled foundations 2: structural design and
63 Bridges on land 224 construction methods 345
64 Bndges over water 239 8 1 Classification of pile types 345
References 274 82 Pile-driving equipment 346
7 Piledfoundations 1: the carrying capacity of 8 3 Jetting piles 351
84 Pile driving by vibration 352
piles and pile groups 276 85 Pile driving over water 352
7 1 Classification of piles 276
86 Pile driving through difficult
7 2 The behaviour of piles and pile groups
ground 353
under load 277
87 Test piling 353
7 3 Deflmtions of failure load on piles 279
88 Timber piles 359
7 4 Calculating ultimate loads on isolated 89 Precast concrete piles 361
driven piles incoarse-grainedsoils 280 8 10 Jointed precast concrete piles 365
7.5 Calculating ultimate loads on driven
811 Prestressed concrete piles 366
and cast-in-place piles in coarse
8 12 Steel piles 369
soils 289
8 13 Types of driven and cast-in-place
7 6 Calculating ultimate loads on bored and
pile 373
cast-in-place piles in coarse soils 290
8 14 Types of bored pile 374
77 Ultimate loads on piles driven into
8 15 Types of composite pile 382
fine-grained soils 291
8 16 The design of pile caps and capping
7 8 Driven and cast-rn-place piles in
beams 383
soils 295
fine-grained 8 17 The economics of piled foundations 385
7 9 Bored and cast-in-place piles in
8 18 The choice of type of pile 387
soils 295
fine-grained References 389
7 10 Calculation of the carrying capacity of
piles in soils intermediate between sand 9 Foundation construction 390
and clay, layered soils, and uncemented 9 1 Site preparation 390
calcareous sands 297 92 Excavation methods 391
7 11 The settlement of a single pile at the 9 3 Stability of slopes to open
working load 298 excavations 392
7 12 The carrying capacity of piles founded 94 Trench excavation 398
on rock 298 9 5 Support of excavations 401
This edition is reproduced by permission of Pearson Educational Limited
vii
Contents
9.6 Structural design of supports to 11 5 Ground water under artesian head beneath
excavations 416 excavations 509
97 Overall stability of strutted 11 6 The use of geotechmcal processes for
excavations 424 ground improvement 510
9.8 Inward yielding and settlement of the References 516
ground surrounding excavations 425
12 Shoring and underpinning 518
9.9 The use of finite element techmques for
12 1 Requirements for shonng and
predicting deformations around deep
underpinmng 518
excavations 428
122 Methods of shonng 518
9.10 Example 433
12 3 Methods of underpinmng 522
References 435
124 Moving buildmgs 533
10 Cofferdams 436 References 535
10 1 Cofferdain types 436
13 Protection of foundation structures against
102 Design of single-wall sheet pile
attack by soils and ground water 537
cofferdams 444
13 1 Causes of attack 537
103 Construction of single-wall sheet pile
13 2 Soil and ground-water
cofferdams 451
investigations 537
104 Double-wall sheet pile cofferdams 459
13 3 Protection of timber piles 538
105 Cellular sheet pile cofferdams 460
13 4 Protection of steel piling against
106 Concrete-walled cofferdams 461
corrosion 541
107 Movable cofferdams 464
13 5 Protection of concrete structures 542
108 Underwater foundation construction 464
References 547
109 Examples 470
References 479
Appendix A Properties of matenals 549
11 Geotechnical processes 481 Appendix B Ground movements around
111 Ground improvement by geotechmcal excavations 550
processes 481 Appendix C Conversion tables 552
11 2 Ground water inexcavations 481 Author Index 555
11 3 Methods of ground-water control 489 Subject Index 560
11 4 The settlement of ground adjacent to
excavations caused by ground-water
lowenng 507
This edition is reproduced by permission of Pearson Educational Limited
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This edition is reproduced by permission of Pearson Educational Limited
IFireface Ito the fiirIt
edlifion
The author's aim has been to provide a manual of foun- use of the present-day techmques of mvestigation and
dation design and construction methods for the practis- construction The application of soil mechanics science
ing engineer The book is not intended to be a textbook to the carrying capacity of pile foundations of all types
on soil mechanics, but it does include examples of the is a comparatively new development, but is coming to
applications of this science to foundation engineenng be recognized as having advantages over older meth-
The principles of the science are stated only briefly, ods usmg dynamic formulae, and this subject is fully
the reader should refer to the relevant textbooks for treated It is hoped that the information given on large-
explanations of its theory It is hoped that the liniita- diameter bored-pile foundations will be helpful in
tions and pitfalls of soil mechamcs have been clearly set aiding the design of foundations of tall multi-storey
out —unduereliance on soil mechanics can be danger- buildings Experience in recent years has shown the
ous if foundation designs are based on inadequate data economies which these high-capacity piles can give over
or on the use of wrong investigational techniques the more conventional types where heavy foundation
Professor Peck has listed three attributes necessary to loads are to be camed
the practice of subsurface engineering, these are a know- The background information on soil mechanics
ledge of precedents, familiarity with soil mechanics, has been mainly drawn from Terzaghi and Peck's Soil
and a working knowledge of geology He believes the Mechanics in Engineering Practice (John Wiley) For
first of these to be by far the most important Regard- examples of constructional problems the author has
ing soil mechanics, he states drawn freely on his experiences with George Wimpey
& Co Ltd, and he is indebted to Dr L J Murdock,
The everyday procedures now used to calculate bear-
DSc, MICE, manager of their Central Laboratory, for
ing capacity, settlement, or factor of safety of a slope,
permission to publish this information, together with
are nothing more than the use of the framework
illustrations and photographs General information
of soil mechanics to organize experience If the tech-
on current design practice m Great Britain has been
niques of soil testing and the theories had not led to
obtained from the Institution of Civil Engineers Code
results in accord with experience and field observa-
of Practice No 4 (1954) Foundations, with the kind
tions, they would not have been adopted for practical,
perimssion of the Institution
widespread use Indeed, the procedures are valid
The author gratefully acknowledges the help and
and justified only to the extent that they have been
criticism of his colleagues in the preparation of the
verified by experience In this sense, the ordinary
book, and in particular of A D Rae, BSc, for checking
procedures of soil mechanics are merely devices
the manuscript and proofs Thanks are especially due
for interpolating among the specific experiences of to Professor H 0 Ireland, of the University of
many engineers in order to solve our own problems,
llhnois, for critical reading of the manuscript and advice
or which we recognize to fall within the limits of
on its application to American engineering practice
previous experience The illustrations are the work of Mrs W Alder and
The author has included information on ordinary Mrs P Payne
foundations, including the economic design of house
MJT
foundations, as a help to architects and builders in the Amersham 1963
Is