Formation testing : pressure transient and contamination analysis

484 Pages·2014·14.925 MB·English

by  Wilson C. Chin, Yanmin Zhou, Yongren Feng, Qiang Yu, Lixin Zhao

Formation Testing
Scrivener Publishing
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Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Formation Testing
Pressure Transient and Contamination
Analysis
Wilson C. Chin, Ph.D., MIT
Stratamagnetic Software, LLC
Yanmin Zhou, Yongren Feng,
Qiang Yu and Lixin Zhao
China Oilfi eld Services Ltd (COSL)
China National Offshore Oil
Corporation (CNOOC)
Copyright © 2014 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.
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Cover design by Kris Hackerott
Library of Congr ess Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
ISBN 978-1-118-83113-7
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
“There are no facts, only interpretations.”
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)

Contents
Opening Message xix
Preface xxi
Acknowledgements xxvii
Part 1 Modern Ideas in Job Planning and Execution
1. Basic Ideas, Challenges and Developments 1
1.1 Background and introduction 1
1.2 Existing models, implicit assumptions and limitations 6
1.2.1 Exponential tight zone approximation 7
1.2.2 Permeability and anisotropy from steady-state
dual-probe data 8
1.2.3 Three-probe, vertical well interpretation method 9
1.2.4 Gas pumping 10
1.2.5 Material balance method 10
1.2.6 Conventional three-dimensional numerical
models 12
1.2.7 Uniform fl ux dual packer models 13
1.3 Tool development, testing and deployment – role of
modeling and “behind the scenes” at CNOOC/COSL 15
1.3.1 Engineering analysis, design challenges,
solutions 15
1.3.2 From physics to math to engineering – inverse
problem formulation 15
1.3.2.1 Simplifi ed theoretical model 16
1.3.2.2 More detailed fi nite element model 17
vii
viii Contents
1.3.3 Design chronicle – people, places and things 18
1.3.4 Bohai Bay activities 25
1.3.5 Middle East operations 28
1.4 Book objectives and presentation plan 29
1.5 References 32
2. Forward Pressure and Contamination Analysis in
Single and Multiphase Compressible Flow 34
2.1 Single-phase source fl ow models 34
2.1.1 Qualitative effects of storage and skin 37
2.2 Dual packer and dual probe fl ows 40
2.2.1 A detailed calculation 41
2.3 Supercharging, mudcake growth and pressure
interpretation 45
2.3.1 Supercharge numerical simulation 46
2.3.2 Industry perspectives on “buildup versus
drawdown,” 46
2.4 Boundary and azimuthal effects in horizontal wells 48
2.5 Contamination clean-up at the source probe 49
2.6 Sampling-while-drilling tools and clean-up effi ciency 51
2.6.1 What happens with very short invasion times 51
2.6.2 What happens with longer invasion times 52
2.7 References 55
3. Inverse Methods for Permeability, Anisotropy and
Formation Boundary Effects Assuming Liquids 56
3.1 New inverse methods summary 56
3.2 New inverse modeling capabilities 57
3.2.1 Module FT-00 58
3.2.2 Module FT-01 60
3.2.3 Module FT-03 60
3.2.4 Module FT-PTA-DDBU 61
3.3 Inverse examples – dip angle, multivalued
solutions and skin 62
3.3.1 Forward model, Module FT-00 62
3.3.2 Inverse model, Module FT-01 – multivalued
solutions 64