Forest Hydrology : An Introduction to Water and Forests, Third Edition

587 Pages·2012·6.31 MB·English

by  Chang, Mingteh

Chang Forest
Forestry/Environmental Science
Hydrology
Forest Hydrology F
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No AN INTRODUCTION
AN INTRODUCTION TO WATER AND FORESTS

I TO WATER AND FORESTS
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Due to its height, density, and thickness of crown canopy; fluffy forest floor; T
large root system; and horizontal distribution; forest is the most distinguished R
type of vegetation on the earth. In the U.S., forests occupy about 30 percent of Oe
T H I R D E D I T I O N
the total territory. Yet this 30 percent of land area produces about 60 percent of D
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total surface runoff, the major water resource area of the country. Any human
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activity in forested areas will inevitably disturb forest floors and destroy forest
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canopies, consequently affecting the quantity, quality, and timing of water
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resources.
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Thoroughly updated and expanded, Forest Hydrology: An Introduction to H
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Water and Forests, Third Edition discusses the concepts, principles, and

processes of forest and forest activity impacts on the occurrence, distribution, T
and circulation of water and the aquatic environment. Oy

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• Brings water resources and forest–water relations into a single, d
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comprehensive textbook
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• Focuses on the concepts, processes, and general principles in forest
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hydrology
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• Covers functions, properties, and science of water; water distribution;

forests and precipitation, vaporization, stream flow, and stream sediment Ao
• Discusses watershed management planning and practical applications N
of forest hydrology in resource management D
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In a single textbook, Forest Hydrology: An Introduction to Water and o
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Forests, Third Edition comprehensively covers water and water resources
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issues, forest characteristics relevant to the environment, forest impacts in the
hydrological cycle, watershed research, watershed management planning, and Eg
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hydrologic measurements. With the addition of new chapters, new issues, and
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appendices, this new edition is a valuable resource for upper-level undergraduates
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in forest hydrology courses as well as professionals involved in water resources
management and decision-making in forested watersheds.
THIRD
K13752
EDITION
Mingteh Chang
6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW
Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487
711 Third Avenue
New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park
Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK

Forest
Hydrology
AN INTRODUC TION
TO WATER AND FORESTS
T H I RD E DI T I O N

Forest
Hydrology
AN INTRODUC TION
TO WATER AND FORESTS
T H I RD E DI T I O N
Mingteh Chang
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20121121
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A nation that fails to plan intelligently for the development and protection of its precious
waters will be condemned to wither because of its shortsightedness. The hard lessons of
history are clear, written on the deserted sands and ruins of once proud civilizations.
It is important that we have a composite, national view of water problems
and needs if we are to attack them intelligently and comprehensively.
Lyndon B. Johnson
XXXVI President of the United States (1963–1969)
“Letter to the President of the Senate and to the Speaker of the House:
Transmitting an Assessment of the Nation’s Water Resources,” November 18, 1968

Contents
Conversions of Basic Units Used in the Book .........................................................................xxi
Preface .........................................................................................................................................xxiii
Acknowledgment .......................................................................................................................xxv
Author ........................................................................................................................................xxvii
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................1
1.1 Water Spectrum .............................................................................................................1
1.2 Forest Spectrum ............................................................................................................2
1.3 Issues and Perspectives ................................................................................................3
References .................................................................................................................................4
2. Functions of Water ..................................................................................................................5
2.1 Biological Functions ......................................................................................................5
2.1.1 Necessity of Life ...............................................................................................5
2.1.2 Habitat of Life ...................................................................................................5
2.1.2.1 Wetlands ............................................................................................6
2.1.2.2 Estuaries ............................................................................................6
2.1.2.3 Ponds and Lakes ...............................................................................6
2.1.2.4 Streams and Rivers ..........................................................................7
2.1.2.5 Oceans ................................................................................................7
2.1.3 Therapy for Illness (Hydrotherapy) ..............................................................7
2.2 Chemical Functions ......................................................................................................8
2.2.1 Solvent of Substance ........................................................................................8
2.2.2 Medium in Chemical Reactions ....................................................................8
2.3 Physical Functions ........................................................................................................9
2.3.1 Moderator of Climate ......................................................................................9
2.3.2 Agent of Destruction .....................................................................................10
2.3.3 Potential Source of Energy and Power .......................................................10
2.3.4 Scientific Standard for Properties ................................................................12
2.3.5 Medium of Transport ....................................................................................12
2.4 Socioeconomic Functions...........................................................................................12
2.4.1 Source of Comfort ..........................................................................................12
2.4.2 Inspiration for Creativity ..............................................................................13
2.4.3 Role Model for Self-Expectation ..................................................................14
2.4.4 Medium for Agricultural and Industrial Production ...............................14
2.4.4.1 Hydroponics ....................................................................................15
2.4.4.2 Fish Culture .....................................................................................15
2.5 Mechanical Functions ................................................................................................17
2.5.1 Tool for Industrial Operations .....................................................................17
2.5.2 Material for Musical Instruments ................................................................17
vii
viii Contents
2.6 Political Functions .......................................................................................................18
2.6.1 Cause of International Conflicts ..................................................................18
2.6.1.1 Potential Conflicts ..........................................................................18
2.6.1.2 Iraq–Iran War, 1980–1988 ...............................................................19
2.6.2 Issue of Regional Stability ............................................................................20
2.6.3 Drive in Local Confrontations .....................................................................21
2.6.3.1 Uprising in Cochabamba (Bolivia), 2000.....................................21
2.6.3.2 Pastoralists versus Farmers in Kenya, 2005 ................................23
2.7 Military Functions ......................................................................................................23
2.7.1 Weapon against Enemies ..............................................................................23
2.7.1.1 France–Dutch War, 1672–1678 .......................................................24
2.7.1.2 Sino–Japanese War, 1937–1944 ......................................................24
2.7.2 Target of Terrorist’s Attack ...........................................................................25
2.7.2.1 Water Infrastructure Systems .......................................................25
2.7.2.2 Attack Measures .............................................................................26
2.7.3 Tactical and Strategic Model of War ...........................................................26
2.7.4 Torture against Suspects ...............................................................................26
References ...............................................................................................................................27
3. Science of Water ....................................................................................................................31
3.1 Water in History ..........................................................................................................31
3.1.1 Asia ..................................................................................................................31
3.1.2 Middle East .....................................................................................................33
3.1.3 Europe .............................................................................................................34
3.1.4 The United States ...........................................................................................35
3.2 Hydrosciences ..............................................................................................................36
3.2.1 Hydrology .......................................................................................................36
3.2.2 Disciplines in Hydrology ..............................................................................37
3.2.2.1 On Bodies of Water ........................................................................37
3.2.2.2 On Land-Use Conditions ..............................................................39
3.2.2.3 On Interdisciplinary Studies ........................................................41
References ...............................................................................................................................43
4. Properties of Water ...............................................................................................................47
4.1 Physical Properties ......................................................................................................47
4.1.1 Three States of Water .....................................................................................47
4.1.2 Latent Heat of Water ......................................................................................47
4.1.3 Saturation Vapor Pressure ............................................................................49
4.1.4 Vapor Diffusion ..............................................................................................50
4.1.5 Heat Capacity .................................................................................................50
4.1.6 Thermal Conductivity ...................................................................................51
4.2 Hydraulic Properties ..................................................................................................52
4.2.1 Density ............................................................................................................52
4.2.2 Pressure ...........................................................................................................53
4.2.3 Buoyancy .........................................................................................................55
4.2.4 Surface Tension and Capillary Rise ............................................................56
4.2.5 Viscosity ..........................................................................................................57