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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS This PDF is available at http://nap.edu/25221 SHARE Ū ſ Ŷ Þ Forest Health and Biotechnology: Possibilities and Considerations (2019) DETAILS 240 pages | 7 x 10 | PAPERBACK ISBN 978-0-309-48288-2 | DOI 10.17226/25221 CONTRIBUTORS GET THIS BOOK Committee on the Potential for Biotechnology to Address Forest Health; Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources; Division on Earth and Life Studies; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine FIND RELATED TITLES SUGGESTED CITATION National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2019. Forest Health and Biotechnology: Possibilities and Considerations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25221. Visit the National Academies Press at NAP.edu and login or register to get: – Access to free PDF downloads of thousands of scientific reports  – 10% off the price of print titles  – Email or social media notifications of new titles related to your interests  – Special offers and discounts Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. (Request Permission) Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Forest Health and Biotechnology: Possibilities and Considerations PREPUBLICATION COPY Forest Health and Biotechnology: Possibilities and Considerations Committee on the Potential for Biotechnology to Address Forest Health Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources Division on Earth and Life Studies A Consensus Study Report of Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Forest Health and Biotechnology: Possibilities and Considerations THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 This study was supported by the U.S. Endowment for Forestry and Communities (Grant Agreement E17-49); the Agricultural Research Service (Agreement No. 59-0790-7-0018); the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (Agreement No. 16-2000-0094-GR), the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (Agreement No. 2017-38832-26613), and the U.S. Forest Service (Agreement No. 16-DG-11132650-299) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Contract No. EP-C-14-005). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-XXXXX-X International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-XXXXX-X Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/25221 Additional copies of this publication are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2019 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Suggested Citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Forest Health and Biotechnology: Possibilities and Considerations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/25221. Prepublication Copy Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Forest Health and Biotechnology: Possibilities and Considerations The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the na- tion. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contri- butions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineer- ing, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy deci- sions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize out- standing contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. Prepublication Copy Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Forest Health and Biotechnology: Possibilities and Considerations Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineer- ing, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclu- sions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independ- ent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task. Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medi- cine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies. For information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please visit www.nationalacademies.org/about/whatwedo. Prepublication Copy Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Forest Health and Biotechnology: Possibilities and Considerations COMMITTEE ON THE POTENTIAL FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY TO ADDRESS FOREST HEALTH Chair SUSAN E. OFFUTT, U.S. Government Accountability Office (retired), Oakland, MD Members VIKRAM E. CHHATRE, University of Wyoming, Laramie JASON A. DELBORNE, North Carolina State University, Raleigh STEPHEN DIFAZIO, West Virginia University, Morgantown DORIA R. GORDON, Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, DC INÉS IBÁÑEZ, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor GREGORY JAFFE, Center for Science in the Public Interest, Washington, DC MARK D. NEEDHAM, Oregon State University, Corvallis CLARE PALMER, Texas A&M University, College Station JEANNE ROMERO-SEVERSON, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN RONALD R. SEDEROFF (NAS), North Carolina State University, Raleigh DIANA L. SIX, University of Montana, Missoula RICHARD A. SNIEZKO, U.S. Forest Service, Cottage Grove, OR Staff KARA N. LANEY, Study Director JENNA BRISCOE, Research Assistant Prepublication Copy v Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Forest Health and Biotechnology: Possibilities and Considerations BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES Chair CHARLES W. RICE, Kansas State University, Manhattan Members SHANE C. BURGESS, University of Arizona, Tucson SUSAN CAPALBO, Oregon State University, Corvallis GAIL CZARNECKI-MAULDEN, Nestlé Purina PetCare, St. Louis, MO GEBISA EJETA, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN JAMES S. FAMIGLIETTI, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena FRED GOULD (NAS), North Carolina State University, Raleigh DOUGLAS B. JACKSON-SMITH, The Ohio State University, Wooster JAMES W. JONES (NAE), University of Florida, Gainesville STEPHEN S. KELLEY, North Carolina State University, Raleigh JAN E. LEACH, Colorado State University, Fort Collins JILL J. MCCLUSKEY, Washington State University, Richland KAREN I. PLAUT, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN JIM E. RIVIERE (NAM), Kansas State University, Manhattan Staff ROBIN A. SCHOEN, Director CAMILLA YANDOC ABLES, Senior Program Officer JENNA BRISCOE, Research Assistant KARA N. LANEY, Senior Program Officer PEGGY TSAI YIH, Senior Program Officer vi Prepublication Copy Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Forest Health and Biotechnology: Possibilities and Considerations Preface Nearly one-third of the United States is covered by forests, accounting for more than one million square miles, an area exceeded only in Canada, Brazil, and Russia. These forest ecosystems play vital roles in carbon storage, nutrient cycling, and air and water purification, as well as in supplying habitat for wild- life. Forests hold historical, cultural, and social significance for Americans and are sources of both food and fiber. Today, these valued resources are endangered as never before. Global commerce has hastened the introduction of nonnative, invasive tree pests and diseases, and those native to the country are becoming more virulent due to external drivers such as climate change. The loss of a tree species can have cascading adverse effects on the forest ecosystem and on the range of services it provides and the values it represents to human populations. Against this backdrop, a consortium of federal agencies asked the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine to consider the potential for the use of biotechnology to mitigate these threats to the health of the nation’s forests. Accordingly, our committee took up the tasks of assessing the ecolog- ical, economic, and social implications of deployment of a genetically modified tree and of identifying the knowledge needed to evaluate the ways such a tree might affect the prospects for forest health. The circum- stances of introduction of a long-lived biotech tree into a forest ecosystem would be novel compared with the use of the technology in industrial plantations or, indeed, in annual agricultural crops. The release of a tree developed to be resistant to a pest or disease would be intended to promote its survival and proliferation in a natural forest setting. The committee’s members represent an unusually wide range of disciplines, from genetics to ecology and from the law to social science and philosophy. The group embraced the holistic view set out in its charge and probed the biophysical and the cultural and social impacts that might arise from the introduction of a biotech tree. Contemplating the rapidly evolving science and emerging public views relevant to the use of biotechnology in forest trees, the committee found itself surveying a frontier of possibilities for different kinds of trees and ecosystems. The release of a biotech tree has no direct precedent, and so the committee listened to a range of voices in the scientific community and in civil society as they speculated on the likely implications of an introduction. Unease about the advisability of the use of biotechnology in the environ- ment will continue to be a factor in public dialogue as biotech trees are considered further. As might be imagined, the committee’s discussions have been lively as we have tried to accommodate a diversity of perspectives, anticipate key information needs, and chart the way forward for researchers, government sci- entific and regulatory officials, and society at large. None of the work the committee has done would have been possible without the stalwart support of Kara Laney, study director, and Jenna Briscoe, research assistant, of the Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources. Kara has been a gracious and steadying presence as we have tried to meld our disparate thoughts into a cohesive narrative. In our meetings, Jenna was a wizard when it came to listening to our fragmented discussion and transforming it instantly into text that we could see and use to move deliberations forward. All of the members of our committee have invested significant time and energy in meeting the challenge of our task, and I am grateful for their dedication. I have learned much from their expertise and their wisdom, and I am the better for it. Finally, thanks go to those who reviewed our draft report and provided comments and advice that have made it a better product for our sponsors and for the public concerned with the future of America’s forests. Susan E. Offutt, Chair Committee on the Potential for Biotechnology to Address Forest Health Prepublication Copy vii Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Forest Health and Biotechnology: Possibilities and Considerations Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Forest Health and Biotechnology: Possibilities and Considerations Acknowledgments This Consensus Study Report was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse per- spectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Sally N. Aitken, University of British Columbia Ann M. Bartuska, Resources for the Future Steven P. Bradbury, Iowa State University Joseph P. Brewer II, University of Kansas John E. Carlson, The Pennsylvania State University Melissa M. Goldstein, The George Washington University Shannon M. Hagerman, University of British Columbia Lynn A. Maguire, Duke University Louis Pitelka, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Ronald Sandler, Northeastern University Roger R. Schmidt, IBM Corporation Kathleen Segerson, University of Connecticut Daniel Simberloff, University of Tennessee Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations of this report nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this report was overseen by May R. Berenbaum, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with the standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the authoring committee and the National Academies. Prepublication Copy ix Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

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