Forest Environments in the Mekong River Basin PDF
Preview Forest Environments in the Mekong River Basin
H. Sawada, M. Araki, N.A. Chappell, J.V. LaFrankie, A. Shimizu (Eds.) Forest Environments in the Mekong River Basin H. Sawada, M. Araki, N.A. Chappell, J.V. LaFrankie, A. Shimizu (Eds.) Forest Environments in the Mekong River Basin With 145 Figures, Including 37 in Color Haruo Sawada, Ph. D. Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8687, Japan Makoto Araki Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8687, Japan Nick A. Chappell, Ph. D. Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK James V. LaFrankie, Ph. D. Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute National Institute of Education 1 Nanyang Walk, Jurong, Singapore Akira Shimizu, Ph. D. Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8687, Japan ISBN 978-4-431-46500-3 Springer Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2007921191 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broad- casting, reproduction on microfi lms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com © Springer 2007 Printed in Japan Typesetting: SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printing and binding: Shinano Inc., Japan Printed on acid-free paper Foreword Deforestation and forest degradation have continued over a long period of time, and the deterioration of forest environment management services is becoming one of the biggest concerns in the world. Especially in large continental river basins, selfi sh political attitudes and individual interests in some regions predispose other regions to problems downstream and bring about international issues. The Mekong is just such a river basin and its water is the most important resource, interdependent with the forest conditions in the region. The lives of millions of people are sustained by the water of the Mekong River, and mutual understanding on water resource manage- ment is essential in this region. Consequently, appropriate environment management to control water resources is required of each country along with scientifi c knowledge of forest management, including forest hydrology. The Mekong River Commission (MRC) was established in 1995 to jointly manage shared water resources and develop the economic potential of the river by the govern- ments of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. However, very limited operational forest management for water resources is being conducted based on reliable sources of information. International cooperation in science and technology has progressed in Southeast Asia. One such activity, the research project “Changes of Water Cycle in the Mekong River Basin” (CWCM), has been conducted by the Forestry Administration (FA) of Cambodia, the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) of Japan, and several universities, since 2002. Advanced observation systems of atmospheric fl ux, ground water levels, soil water movement, and stable isotope variation as well as satellite remote sensing technologies were introduced for the continuous monitoring of the forest environment. The project has produced much new information about the forest environment of Cambodia. To honor their efforts, the Cambodian government awarded the Japanese researchers the medal of the Chevalier of the Order of Sahametrei in June 2005 as a tribute to their ongoing activities. In December 2005, the members of the project organized the inter- national conference titled “Forest Environment in Continental River Basins; with a focus on the Mekong River” as an International Union of Forest Research Orgniza- tions (IUFRO) meeting with the support of the FFPRI. Participants from more than 10 countries attended, most of whom live in the Mekong River basin. Mr. Ty Sokhun, Head of FA, introduced the meeting as the fi rst V VI Foreword international conference in the fi eld of forest research in Cambodia. Because very little knowledge of this region had been available to the public, interest was raised among many international researchers, and much new information was exchanged during the meeting of 160 participants, including Cambodian university students. I fi nd the chapters of this book, comprising the papers presented and collected at the conference, most exciting. Even as recently as 10 years ago, who would have guessed that this kind of scientifi c data could be obtained from the Mekong River basin? One of the most pleasing features of this book is the original data and views presented by the authors, which fi ll in the gaps in the forest data of the world. Motoaki Okuma President FFPRI Preface The Mekong River runs through six countries, from China to Vietnam, and the usage and management of water resources are different in each country. The Mekong River Commission (MRC) plays an important role in collecting various kinds of informa- tion about the lower Mekong and in strengthening the integrated water resources management capacity. However, the history of each country in the region is quite complex, and the scientifi c knowledge of water resources is still very limited in some areas. Although adequate information on forest hydrology is lacking in some countries, the practical knowledge of others is quite useful in this region because of the many similarities in their natural environments. As a result, we organized an international International Union of Forest Research Orgnizations (IUFRO) conference, “The Forest Environment in Continental River Basins; with a focus on the Mekong River,” so that scientists in related fi elds could meet and share their knowledge of the region for the purpose of good forest management with a focus on water resources. We were greatly pleased that the meeting provided a good opportunity not only for researchers but also for many university students to learn of the research activities on forest ecosystems, hydrology, and forest management. It was the fi rst such confer- ence on forest research in Cambodia, and there were several diffi culties that had to be overcome. However, it proved enjoyable for everyone to work together to make the conference a success. We believe the conference was productive and has resulted in this volume, among other things, which we are proud to present to our colleagues around the world. The book consists of three parts, each contributing to a better understanding of the Mekong River basin: forest hydrology, forest management, and forest ecology. The chapters of the book are based on full papers that were collected after the confer- ence, with each paper being sent to two peer reviewers. The papers were designated as either research papers or technical papers, according to the evaluations of the reviewers. We would like to acknowledge IUFRO and IUFRO-J for their understanding and support of the conference. We are grateful to the Forestry Administration (FA) of Cambodia and to the Japan International Cooperation Agency in Cambodia for their valuable contributions to the conference. The FA opened a secretariat’s offi ce and assigned full-time assistants to the conference. We express our thanks to the Forestry VII VIII Preface and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) and staff members who helped the editors to accomplish their goal. We also thank staffs of Springer Japan for keeping in close contact with us and making possible the publication of this book. Haruo Sawada Makoto Araki Nick Chappell James LaFrankie Akira Shimizu Editors Editorial Board Editors: Sawada, Haruo Araki, Makoto Chappell, Nick A. LaFrankie, James V. Shimizu, Akira Assistant Editors: Furuya, Naoyuki Ito, Eriko Kabeya, Naoki Reviewers: Araki, Makoto Awaya, Yoshio Chappell, Nick A. Furuya, Naoyuki Hattori, Sigeaki Hirabuki, Yoshihiko Ito, Eriko Kanzaki, Mamoru LaFrankie, James V. Mochida, Haruyuki Ohnuki, Yasuhiro Ohta, Seiichi Sawada, Haruo Seino, Tatsuyuki Shimizu, Akira Shimizu, Takanori Shinomiya, Yoshiki Suzuki, Masakazu Tamai, Koji Tsuboyama, Yoshio Tsuchiya, Toshiyuki Tsuyuki, Satoshi IX Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII Editorial Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV Color Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI Part I Forest Hydrology Runoff Processes in Southeast Asia: Role of Soil, Regolith, and Rock Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 N.A. Chappell, M. Sherlock, K. Bidin, R. Macdonald, Y. Najman, and G. Davies Impact of Land-Use Development on the Water Balance and Flow Regime of the Chi River Basin, Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 K. Boochabun, S. Vongtanaboon, A. Sukrarasmi, and N. Tangtham Evaluation of Evapotranspiration in Forested Areas in the Mekong Basin Using GIS Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 S. Sawano, N. Hotta, H. Komatsu, M. Suzuki, and T. Yayama Severe Drought Resulting from Seasonal and Interannual Variability in Rainfall and Its Impact on Transpiration in a Hill Evergreen Forest in Northern Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 T. Kume, H. Takizawa, N. Yoshifuji, N. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, C. Tantasirin, and M. Suzuki Factors Affecting Interannual Variability in Transpiration in a Tropical Seasonal Forest in Northern Thailand: Growing Season Length and Soil Drought. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 N. Yoshifuji, N. Tanaka, C. Tantasirin, and M. Suzuki XI XII Contents Scale Dependency of Hydrological Characteristics in the Upper Ping River Basin, Northern Thailand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 K. Kuraji, K. Punyatrong, I. Sirisaiyard, C. Tantasirin, and N. Tanaka Year-Round Observation of Evapotranspiration in an Evergreen Broadleaf Forest in Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 T. Nobuhiro, A. Shimizu, N. Kabeya, Y. Tsuboyama, T. Kubota, T. Abe, M. Araki, K. Tamai, S. Chann, and N. Keth Measurements of Wind Speed, Direction, and Vertical Profi les in an Evergreen Forest in Central Cambodia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 K. Tamai, A. Shimizu, T. Nobuhiro, N. Kabeya, S. Chann, and N. Keth Stomatal Response Characteristics of Dry Evergreen and Dry Deciduous Forests in Kampong Thom, Cambodia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 K. Daikoku, S. Hattori, A. Deguchi, Y. Fujita, M. Araki, and T. Nobuhiro Changes of Vertical Soil Moisture Conditions of a Dry Evergreen Forest in Kampong Thom, Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 M. Araki, A. Shimizu, J. Toriyama, E. Ito, N. Kabeya, T. Nobuhiro, B. Tith, S. Pol, S. Lim, S. Khorn, P. Pith, S. Det, S. Ohta, and M. Kanzaki Stable Isotope Studies of Rainfall and Stream Water in Forest Watersheds in Kampong Thom, Cambodia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 N. Kabeya, A. Shimizu, S. Chann, Y. Tsuboyama, T. Nobuhiro, N. Keth, and K. Tamai Runoff Characteristics and Observations on Evapotranspiration in Forest Watersheds, Central Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 A. Shimizu, N. Kabeya, T. Nobuhiro, T. Kubota, Y. Tsuboyama, E. Ito, M. Sano, S. Chann, and N. Keth Part II Forest Management Object-Oriented Land Cover Classifi cation Based on Two Satellite Images Obtained in One Dry Season in Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 N. Furuya, H. Saito, S. Preap, B. Tith, and M. Meas Land Cover Change Mapping of the Mekong River Basin Using NOAA Pathfi nder AVHRR 8-km Land Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 H. Saito, Y. Sawada, N. Furuya, and S. Preap Effect of Forest Cover Change on Sedimentation in Lam Phra Phloeng Reservoir, Northeastern Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 K. Lorsirirat
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