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Forensics and Physics PDF

202 Pages·2022·9.119 MB·English
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Forensics and Physics Forensics and Physics By Renata Holubova, Jiří Straus and Jana Slezáková Forensics and Physics By Renata Holubova, Jiří Straus and Jana Slezáková This book first published 2022 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2022 by Renata Holubova, Jiří Straus and Jana Slezáková All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-8407-0 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-8407-5 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations ................................................................................... vii List of Tables .............................................................................................. x Introduction ............................................................................................... xi Chapter One ................................................................................................ 1 Forensic Trasology Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 Searching for and securing of trasological tracks ........................... 6 1.2 Biomechanical content of trasological traces ................................ 15 1.3 Physics behind trasology ............................................................... 27 1.4 Walking and Physics ..................................................................... 40 Chapter Two ............................................................................................. 48 Biomechanics of Falls Introduction ......................................................................................... 48 2.1 Biomechanical classifications of falls ........................................... 49 2.2 Injuries caused by falls .................................................................. 53 2.3 Analysis and experimental results ................................................. 66 2.4 Standing on a pad .......................................................................... 78 2.5 Human reaction time ..................................................................... 85 Chapter Three ......................................................................................... 107 Dactyloscopy Introduction ....................................................................................... 107 3.1 Searching, visibility and securing dactyloscopic traces .............. 110 3.2 Examining of dactyloscopic traces .............................................. 113 3.3 Physics behind dactyloscopy ...................................................... 121 3.3.1 Optics ................................................................................. 121 3.3.2 Molecular physics-adhesion and cohesion ......................... 126 vi Table of Contents Chapter Four ........................................................................................... 138 Forensic Ballistics 4.1 Forensic ballistics as a scientific discipline ................................. 138 4.2 Physics behind the ballistics ....................................................... 146 Appendix: Mathematics .......................................................................... 159 Differential and vector calculus ........................................................ 159 References .............................................................................................. 183 About the Authors .................................................................................. 188 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1-1. Types of soles Figure 1-2. Heels and sole Figure 1-3. Traces of vehicles Figure 1-4. 3D trasological trace Figure 1-5. Stride length and two-step locomotion Figure 1-6. Plantogram with significant parameters Figure 1-7. Dependence of body height on significant parameters of the plantogram Figure 1-8. Several types of plantograms Figure 1-9. Bar foot trace Figure 1-10. Kepler´s law of areas Figure 1-11. Gravitation Figure 1-12. Throw vertically upwards Figure 1-13. Horizontal throw Figure 1-14. Oblique up throw Figure 1-15. Movement of the centre of gravity Figure 1-16. Diagram of the human body Figure 2-1. Classification of falls Figure 2-2. The impact of the body and the representation of the primary (triangle) and secondary injury (wheel) Figure 2-3. Evaluating the course of the fall from the height Figure 2-4. Fall schedule Figure 2-5. Biomechanics of falls Figure 2-6. Falling patterns of standing jump and running jump above the jumping level: Running and standing jump are intimated at initial velocities of 9.15 and 2.70 m·s-1 at initial angles of 21 at 38 deg above the jumping level Figure 2-7. Falling patterns intimated at various angles of jump at initial velocities of 2.70 m·s-1 (A) and 9.15 m·s-1 (B): Maximal horizontal movement can be achieved at about 40 deg; the angle at 50 deg or over starts to minimize the horizontal movement Figure 2-8. Falling patterns intimated at various angles of jump at initial velocities of 2.70 m·s-1 (A) and 9.15 m·s-1 (B), falling from height of 100 m viii List of Illustrations Figure 2-9. Falling patterns intimated at various angles of jump at initial velocities of 2.0 m·s-1 (A) and 9.5 m·s-1 (B), falling from height of 100 m Figure 2-10. Range of maximal horizontal movement of standing jump and running jump at angles between 0 and 40 deg Figure 2-11. Body mass center trajectory comparison as relation of different kind of falls Figure 2-12. Unprotected fall Figure 2-13. Scheme of dropping the body from stand to pad Figure 2-14. Typical course of head velocity and center of gravity over time Figure 2-15. Typical course of the angular velocity of the head and the angular velocity of the resting limb over time, in case of restored stability Figure 2-16. The course of the spontaneous fall of figurant Figure 2-17. Categorization of reaction times Figure 2-18. The process of motor response formation for each type of reaction time, according to Donders Figure 2-19. Structure of the total duration of the action Figure 2-20. Dependence of reaction time on the intensity of the auditory stimulus Figure 2-21. Reaction time dependencies on alcohol level - maximum alcohol level 0.6 ‰ Figure 2-22. Reaction time dependencies on alcohol level - maximum alcohol level of 1.2 ‰ Figure 3-1. Comparison of the secured track and the captured fingerprint Figure 3-2. Ridge characteristics Figure 3-3. Visibility of the dactyloscopic trace with finely groung ferric oxide Figure 3-4. Visibility of the dactyloscopic trace by reaction with ninhydride and by iodine vapour Figure 3-5. Papilary lines Figure 3-6. A compound microscope Figure 3-7. Running rays Figure 3-8. Comparative microscope for forensics Figure 3-9. Ken – a – vision comparative microscope Figure 3-10. Comparison microscope - image Figure 3-11. Measurement of adhesion forces Figure 3-12. Surface tension - forces Figure 3-13. Liquid wetting the solid body Figure 3-14. A liquid that does not wet the solid body Forensics and Physics ix Figure 3-15. A drop of liquid Figure 3-16. Surface tension of a liquid drop on another liquid Figure 3-17. Capillary elevation and depression Figure 3-18. Adhesion of dactyloscopic powder to a dactyloscopic brush Figure 3-19. Adhesion of dactyloscopic powder to the solid surface Figure 3-20. Adhesion of dactyloscopic powder to a surface with a dactyloscopic trace Figure 4-1. Coriolis force Figure 4-2. Air flow around the ball Figure A-1. Magnitude of the instantaneous velocity of the point [x; y], which moves along the curve k at time t Figure A-2. Geometric meaning of the derivative Figure A-3. Tangent and normal of the graph of the function Figure A-4. Geometric interpretation of Rolle's theorem Figure A-5. Geometric interpretation of the Lagrange’s theorem Figure A-6. Local and global extremes of function Figure A-7. Oriented line Figure A-8. Bound geometric vectors Figure A-9. Non-collinear vectors Figure A-10. Collinear vectors (same oriented) Figure A-11. Collinear vectors (not same oriented) Figure A-12. Multiple of the bound geometric vector a) concordant direction b) non concordant direction Figure A-13. Free geometric vectors Figure A-14. The sum of free vectors FigureA-15. Orthonormal bases of vector spaces Figure A-16. The scalar product of the vectors u, v

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