Forensic Science, Volume 6, Second Edition (Handbook of Analytical Separations) PDF
Preview Forensic Science, Volume 6, Second Edition (Handbook of Analytical Separations)
Forensic Science Second Edition HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS Series Editor: ROGER M. SMITH In this series: Vol. 1: Separation Methods in Drug Synthesis and Purification Edited by K. Valko´ Vol. 2: Forensic Science Edited by M.J. Bogusz Vol. 3: Environmental Analysis Edited by W. Kleibo¨hmer Vol. 4: Bioanalytical Separations Edited by I.D. Wilson Vol. 5: Drug Monitoring and Clinical Chemistry Edited by G. Hempel Vol. 6: Forensic Science (Second Edition) Edited by M.J. Bogusz HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS – VOLUME 6 Forensic Science Second Edition Edited by M.J. BOGUSZ Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Amsterdam – Boston – Heidelberg – London – New York – Oxford Paris – San Diego – San Francisco – Singapore – Sydney – Tokyo Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,TheNetherlands LinacreHouse,JordanHill,OxfordOX28DP,UK Firstedition2008 Copyrightr2008ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying, recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRights DepartmentinOxford,UK:phone(+44)(0)1865843830;fax(+44)(0)1865853333; email:permissions@elsevier.com.Alternativelyyoucansubmityourrequestonlineby visitingtheElsevierwebsiteathttp://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions,andselecting ObtainingpermissiontouseElseviermaterial Notice Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersons orpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuse oroperationofanymethods,products,instructionsorideascontainedinthematerial herein.Becauseofrapidadvancesinthemedicalsciences,inparticular,independent verificationofdiagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbemade LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-444-52214-6 ISSN:1567-7192 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteatbooks.elsevier.com PrintedandboundinTheNetherlands 08 09 10 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 v Preface to the second edition ThisbookisdedicatedtolateDr.IrvingSunshine, TheGrandfatherofmodernforensictoxicology, andteacherofmanygenerationsofus. Themethodsandproceduresusedinforensicsciencesdependonthedevelopmentof techniques having the highest possible reliability. Because of the importance and consequencesoftheirexpertevidenceandtheirgreatsenseofresponsibility,forensic scientistsoften adoptacritical andcautiousattitude tonewmethods.Nevertheless, thisprofessionalcautiondoesnotpreventtheforensicsocietyfromrapidlyadopting allthenewtechniquesthathavebeenprovedtobereliablescientifictoolsinvarious disciplines.Inthesixyearsthathaveelapsedsincethepublicationofthefirstedition of this volume, several such techniques have been widely implemented in forensic practice, the skyrocketing popularity of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry being the best example. Therefore, the need for this new edition was recognized by the publisher, and it is hoped that it will be accepted by prospective readers. Recent years have also seen an enormous growth in public interest in forensic methods and disciplines, almost certainly stimulated by some spectacular criminal cases. With this interest has also come an increase in expectations as can be seen in varioustelevisionserialsandnovels,whichshowinfallibleforensicexpertswhosolve all possible problems within hours, with the help of very complicated but also very easymethods.Anotherimportantfactorthathasgivenrisetothisincreasinginterest in forensic sciences is the worldwide spread of the most dangerous forms of organized crime, such as international terrorism and drug trafficking. The general publicfeelsthatforensicexpertsareintheforefrontofthefightagainsttheseplagues of the modern world. The general outline of this book has not changed: it is mainly devoted to the analysis of the most important groups of drugs and poisons. However, some new important fields have emerged in recent years. Therefore, in the part of the volume devotedtoactualandemergingproblemsofforensictoxicology,newtopicsaredealt with, such as the analytical aspects of alcohol markers, toxicology of herbal vi Preface to the second edition remedies, and pharmacogenomics applied to forensic toxicology. The previously existing fields of application such as drugs and driving, the analysis of unconventional matrices, doping analysis, and quality assurance have again been covered, as in the previous edition. Special emphasis in this edition has been placed on toxicological screening. Analytical screening procedures are among the basic strategies of forensic toxicology, and are presented in detail in six chapters, covering the most important chromatographicmethods,suchasGC,GC-MS,HPLC,LC-MS,CE,andLC-ICP- MS. Additionally, in each chapter dealing with particular groups of drugs, preliminary methods (mainly immunoassays) are presented along with separation methods.Thismightlookoutofplaceinavolumedevotedtoanalyticalseparations, but in forensic practice it is impossible to separate preliminary methods like immunoassays, from the confirmative ones like chromatographic procedures. Inthepartofthebookdevotedtoforensicchemistry,theanalysisofexplosives,of chemicalwarfareagents,offiredebrisinarsoncasesandwritingmediaispresented. The book concludes with chapters dealing with forensic genetics applied to the identification of individuals and biological traces. Thechoiceoftopicsandthehighlightingofparticularproblemsisalwaysamatter of subjective preference by the person responsible, in this case the editor. He must acceptthecriticismthatisunavoidablycausedbyomittingsomeimportantthemes, but it must be kept in mind that forensic science is such a multi-faceted discipline that it is not possible to cover everything in a single volume, however large. The authors of the chapters are the pioneers in their fields, both as scientists and ascaseexperts.Theirwisdom,knowledge,experience,andveryactivecollaboration has made this work possible. As an editor, I feel very happy and honored to have had the opportunity of working with such a distinguished team. I would like to express my thanks to Roger M. Smith, Series Editor, and to Elsevier Science Publishing, for entrusting me with this volume again, and for all their support during the entire preparation process. Maciej J.Bogusz vii Preface to the first edition ‘‘Workisalwaysplaywhenyoufollowyourheart,butafterthefirstburstofideasitbecamea game.’’MichaelHawley,Cambridge,MA,1997. The term ‘‘forensic’’ has a double meaning. In the most popular sense, forensic science is understood as a particular scientific discipline (medicine, toxicology or chemistry) that is applied for the needs of civil or criminal law. Therefore, an ob- vioussynonymofforensicmedicineislegalmedicine.Inabroaderanddeepersense, all ‘‘forensic’’ disciplines belong to forum, i.e. are subjected–more than any other scientificactivities–topublicdebateandpubliccontrol.Forensicexpertsareobliged toexplainthesmallestdetailsofthemethodsused,tosubstantiatethechoiceofthe applied technique and to give their unbiased conclusions–all under the critical and often mistrustful look of the servants of Justice, as well as the general public, in- cludingthemedia.Thefinalresultoftheworkofforensicscientists–expertevidence– exerts a direct influence on the fate of a given individual. This burden is a most important stimulus, which determines the way of thinking and acting in forensic sciences. The purpose of this volume is to present critical, up-to-date information on the separation methods applied in various disciplines of forensic science. The book cannotandshouldnotreplaceascientificpaperinregardtothedepthandcoverage of a specific problem. It should, however, present the relevant problems in statu nascendi, showing their development, potential importance and future perspectives. Thisbookwaswrittenbyforensicscientistsnotonlyforforensicscientists,butalso for other colleagues interested in the particular analytical aspects of substances or materials involved. The general structure of this volume corresponds to the most important forensic disciplinesthatapplyvariousseparationmethods,i.e.forensictoxicology,chemistry and serohematology. The chapters devoted to forensic toxicology are focused on particular groups of illicit and therapeutic drugs and other substances of forensic interest. Also, some specific problems of forensic toxicology, such as drugs and driving, doping control, quality assurance, chiral separations, use of alternative matrices and general analytical strategy, are separately discussed. In the part viii Preface to the first edition devoted to forensic chemistry, the most important problems of the analysis of ex- plosives, arson accelerants and writing media are individually covered. The part concerningforensicidentificationofindividualsandbiological tracespresentsallof the relevant separation techniques applied to endogenous macromolecules. Thefocusofthisvolumeistheresponsibilityoftheeditor.Thechoiceofpresented topics was not always obvious, taking into account the multifaceted world of fo- rensic sciences. Nevertheless, it is sincerely hoped that the most relevant problems are covered adequately and in proportion. The individual chapters were written by scientists who not only carry out important scientific activity in their field but are also known as very experienced forensic experts. Therefore, this volume gives not only the information about the application of separation methods in forensics, but also reflects theforensiccommunityitself.Forensic scientists areusuallypassionate abouttheirwork,tryingtocreatenewmethodsortoadaptexistingmethodstotheir ownneeds.Indoingso,theytendalwaystoputdownapersonalsignatureontheir work. It was said once that forensic toxicologists would rather share a toothbrush, than their analytical method. I believe that this is caused not, or not only, by personalambition,butbytheconsciousnessthatthefinalresultsoftheworkmaybe ofenormoussignificancetootherperson.Theanalysisreportmaydisruptaperson’s professional and family life, may ruin the good name of an olympic champion or maysimplysendsomebodytojail foralifetime. Therefore,thenameoftheplayof forensic scientist may be: perfective tracking, but the game must be called: profes- sional responsibility. It is my very pleasant duty to express my sincere thanks to the Series Editor, RogerM.Smith,whoentrustedmethisvolume,andallco-authorsfortheircreative and timely collaboration. IwishtoaddressmythankstoMs.ReinaBoltofElsevierScienceforherkindand forgiving assistance during the whole editing procedure. Maciej J. Bogusz April 2000 ix List of contributors Rolf E. Aderjan, Institute of Legal Medicine and Traffic Medicine, University Hospital — Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg 69115 Heidelberg, VoXstr. 2, Germany Valery N. Aginsky, Riley, Welch & Aginsky, Forensic Documents Examinations, Inc., P.O. Box 80225, Lansing, MI48908, USA Mohammed Al-Tufail, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, MBC10, 11211, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia VanesaA´ lvarez-Iglesias,UnidaddeXene´tica,InstitutodeMedicinaLegal,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Com- postela, Spain OlofBeck,DepartmentofMedicine,DivisionofClinicalPharmacology,Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden Gert De Boeck, Section of Toxicology, Federal Public Service Justice, National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology (N.I.C.C.), Vilvoordsesteenweg 100, 1120 Brussels, Belgium MaciejJ.Bogusz,DepartmentofPathologyandLaboratoryMedicine,KingFaisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, MBC10, 11211, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia FedericaBortolotti,DepartmentofMedicineandPublicHealth,SectionofForensic Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy Marı´a Brio´n, Grupo de Medicina Xeno´mica, CeGen-Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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